Industrial crops

Key words renewables, bio-diesel, bio-ethanol, energy, anaerobic digestion. 

However, crops remain an important source for other industrial uses such as lubricant oils and chemicals used for plastic manufacture for example. They have the potential to substitute for fossil hydrocarbons in these areas, releasing them 

Another reason for not looking for long-term provision of energy from crops is the effect it has on food supply. Attempting to supply only a fifth of the world s energy demand through biofuels wotrld mean virtrrally no land left to satisfy human nutritional demands. 

Already, biofuel production in Brazil, the United States, the Far East and Europe is a controversial issue, both from a food supply point of view and finm an environmental damage one. However, at the current time the various renewable fuel obligations signed up to by most developed countries through the United Nations Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreement of 1997 (in force in 2005) provide farmers in individual countries with the opportunity to exploit these demands for renewable industrial crops. 

A National Non-Food Crops Centre (NNFCC) was established by the government in 2003. It has evolved into a consultancy company which offers services to producers and consumers on bioenergy, biofuels and bio-based products. 

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LesquereUa is an oilseed crop that has been mentioned as a potential industrial crop but is not yet grown in significant quantities. Castor beans have been a crop in the United States and provide a weU-known lubricating product, castor oil [8001-79-4]. However, castor is grown only in small quantities and most of the castor used in the United States is imported from Bra2il (11). 

Al-Mulla, E.A.J., Suhail, A. H. and Aowda, S. 2011. A. New biopolymer nanocomposites based on epoxidized soybean oil plastidzed poly(lactic add)/fatty nitrogen compounds modified clay Preparation and characterization. Industrial Crops and Products 33. 23-29. 

Hromadkova, Z., Kovacikova, J. Ebringerova, A. (1999). Study of the classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction of the corn cob xylan. Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 9, 2, (Januar 1999), pp. (101-109), ISSN 0926-6690... 

The threat of pesticides impact on the environment in Russia and other CIS countries has not diminished because they were used less in the 1990s. The long-term influence of pesticides on the soil not only has not decreased, but has become more apparent. Until recently, OCP soil contamination, significantly exceeding MPC, has been observed in the Krasnodar Krai, in the Republics of Central Asia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, in Ukraine, and in other regions [35]. DDT and its metabolites cause the most significant environmental problems, especially where perennial and industrial crops are grown. 

Derksen JTP, Cuperus FP, Kolster P (1995) Industrial Crops and Products 3 225... 

Union of Concerned Scientists, Pharm and industrial crops The next wave of agricultural biotechnology. 2003. Available from http //www.ucsusa.org/ food and environment/biotechnology/ page.cfm page ID =1033... 

IENICA (2004) Interactive European network for industrial crops and their application. Online http //www.ienica.net. Accessed at 19 Mar 2008... 

Gentry HS, Miller RW (1965) The search for new industrial crops. IV prospectus of Limnanthes. Econ Bot 19 25-32... 

M. A., Wysocki, W. and Gulewicz, K. 2005. Alkaloid profiles of mexican wild lupin and an effect of alkaloid preparation from Lupinus exaltatus seeds on growth and yield of paprika Capsicum annuum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 21 1 1-7. 

Gulewicz, K., Aniszewski, T. and Cwojdzihski, W. 1997. Effects of some selected lupin biopreparations on the yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare Vill) and potato solanum tuberosum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 6 9-17. 

Aniszewski, T. 1993. Alkaloid-rich and alkaloid-poor Washington lupin Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) as potential industrial crop. Industrial Crops and Products, 1 147-157. 

Santisopasri y Kurotjanawong K, Chotineeranat S, Piyachomkwan K, Sriroth K, Oates CG. Industrial Crops Products. 2001 13(2) 115. 

Curt, M.D., Aguado, P.L., Sanz, M., Sanchez, G., and Fernandez, J., On the use of the stalks of Helianthus tuberosus L. for bio-ethanol production, in 2005 AAIC Annual Meeting International Conference on Industrial Crops and Rural Development, Murcia, Spain, September, 17-21, 2005. 

Schittenhelm, S., Preliminary analysis of a breeding program with Jerusalem artichoke, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Evaluation of Genetic Resources for Industrial Crops, EUCARPIA, FAL, Braunschweig, Germany, 1987, pp. 209-220. 

Parameswaran, M., Jerusalem artichoke turning an unloved vegetable into an industrial crop, Food Aust., 46, 473 175, 1994. 

Stutterheim, N.C. and Struik, P.C., Report for the State of the Netherlands Forming Part of the IENICA (the Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops and Their Application) Project, 1998, http //www. ienica.net/reports/netherlands.pdf. 

KARBAN, R., Future use of plant signals in agricultural and industrial crops, Novartis Found. Symp., 1999, 223,223-233. 

Moreau, C., Durand, R., Peyron, D., Duhamet, J., and Rivalier, P., Selective preparation of furfural from xylose over microporous solid acid catalysts. Industrial Crops Products 1998, 7 (2-3), 95-99. 

Foulk, J.A., and Bunn, J.M. (2001). Properties of compression-molded, acetylated soy protein films. Industrial Crops andProducts. 14(1), 11-22. 

Orliac, O., Rouilly, A., Silvestre, F., and Rigal, L. (2003). Effects of various plasticizers on the mechanical properties, water resistance and aging of thermo-moulded films made from sunflower proteins. Industrial Crops and Products. 18(2), 91-100. 

Seed breeding of industrial crops is a continuous activity. Much of this is concerned with agronomical factors and is not of concern here. More significant for the present purpose are those developments leading to new or unproved seed oils. Many of the changes are small and incremental and only become apparent after many years. Others are more dramatic. Some examples that are already well established will be discussed. 

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