Extensive cultivation

Caraway Oil. Produced by steam distiUation of the cmshed ripe seeds of Carum carvi L., caraway oil finds extensive use in food flavors, alcohoHc Hqueurs, and cheeses. The smaU herb, which grows wild in many regions of the world, is extensively cultivated in the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, and parts of the former USSR. The Netherlands is the largest producer of the oil, which is offered commercially in two grades cmde or natural, and double-rectified or redistiUed. The former is the direct distiUate obtained from the fmits and is a pale yeUow-to-brownish mobile Hquid with a strong... 

It is extensively cultivated in Senegal, in Teneriffe, and iu the whole of the Mediterranean regions. It ornaments numerous garden.s in Provence in the neighbour hood of Xice, and is also touch onl tivated in. Algeria where il is very widely distributed. 

Madder, also known as Turkey red, is a scarlet dye extracted from perennial herbaceous plants of the order Rubiacea, of which there are about 35 species (Chenciner 2001 Farnsworth 1951). A well-known plant from this order is Rubia tinctorum, found naturally in Palestine and Egypt, abundant in Asia and Europe, and extensively cultivated in the ancient world, was widely used for production of the dye since remote antiquity. The use of madder for dyeing seems to have originated in the Middle East it was identified in many textiles found in Egyptian tombs and in woolen fabrics from the Judean Desert in Palestine. It was also used by the ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Madder from other varieties of Rubiacea plants were used by the Incas in ancient Peru (Schaefer 1941 Fieser 1930). 

The blend containing glandless cottonseed flour offers the economic advantage of not requiring an animal protein component. However, glandless cottonseed flour is not at present time economically competitive with soy flour. With more extensive cultivation of glandless cottonseed, the prospect of using this commodity in nutritious food blends will be more favorable. 

Ricin is a potent cellular protein toxin contained in the beans of the castor been plant (Ricinus communis), which is extensively cultivated for oil production and is also a common ornamental garden plant. Ricin is able to inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis eventually causing cell death, and owing to these properties it has been allegedly used in terrorist and criminal activities. After trypsin digestion of castor bean crude extracts, Ostin et al. [105] were able to unambiguously... 

Hemp Fiber (Chanvre in French). The bast-fiber obtained from the plant Cannabis indica or C sativa, which is a perennial herb (Ref 1). The plant is native of western and central Asia, but has long been cultivated in Brazil and tropical Africa, and is now extensively cultivated in many countries. Its fiber is used for preparation of ropes and paper, but was also proposed by Trench (Ref 2), in 1877 to be nitrated to an explosive Refs 1) Daniel (1902), 773 2) Webster s 7th New Collegiate Diet (1969), 388... 

Teel Oil, or Oil of Sesamum.—The plant yielding this oil, the sesamum orientals, is extensively cultivated throughout India for the sake of the fine oil expressed from its seeds. The latter are imported from Calcutta under the name of teel seeds. They are about the size of white mustard seeds. Three varieties are known— namely, the white, the particolored, and the block. It is principally from the latter that the eesumum oil of commerce is obtained. The seed contains about forty-five per cent, of oil. This has been already mentioned as an adulterant of almond oil, and, according to Pereira, may be used as a substitute for the latter. 

Weeds may be defined as plants growing out of place or where man does not wish them to grow. Organized agriculture dates back some 10,000 years and the extensive cultivation of crops is only about 5,000 years old. Weeds have caused problems for at least 5,000 years by competing with crops for moisture, nutrients, and light. 

Occurrence Oil palms are native to several countries in central Africa and are extensively cultivated in Malaysia, which is its chief commercial source. It is also produced in Indonesia. 

B. Because artemisinin is lipophilic it must be formulated as an oily preparation. Various derivatives have been produced which are more water soluble, including an ether called artemether and an ester, sodium artesunate. Quinghao is now extensively cultivated in many areas where malaria is endemic. 

The dinitroaniline herbicides, trifluralin and pendimethalin, have been utilized in greater than 80% of the cotton acreage in the Southern United States because of their very effective weed control in this crop (1). Many of these fields are essentially in cotton monoculture and hence the continued use of these herbicides has constantly selected out those weeds most tolerant of these herbicides. Under such a selection pressure, the appearance of weed biotypes resistant to dinitroaniline herbicides is expected (2). The first report of a resistant biotype did not appear until 1984, Mudge si gl. (3) described the occurrence of dinitroaniline-resistance in Eleusine indica in counties in South Carolina where cotton is extensively cultivated. Since that initial report, dinitroaniline-resistant Eleusine has been detected throughout the midsouth (H. LeBaron, personal communication). 

Cacao, from Theobroma cacao (and related species of the Sterculiaceae), is derived from the seed, which is fermented and roasted. These seeds contain 0.9-3% theobromine (31) and the husks 0.2-3%. The genus Theobroma is native to the New World but is extensively cultivated in several tropical areas, especially West Africa. 

Catharanthus is a perennial plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family and comprises eight species, seven endemic to Madagascar (C. coriaceus, C. lanceus, C. longifolius, C. ovalis, C. roseus, C. scitulus, C. trichophyllus), and one, C. pusillus, from India. Specifically, C. roseus has been extensively cultivated in subtropical and tropical areas of the world [1] as an ornamental plant and now has a pantropical distribution. It is naturalized in continental Africa, the North and South America, Asia, Australia and southern Europe, and on some islands in the Pacific Ocean. Today, more than 100 cultivars are commercially available. 

Tomato (Solarium lycopersicwn L.) is extensively cultivated worldwide, and its fruits have assumed the status of functional foods as a result of epidemiological evidence of reduced risks of certain types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases [180,181]. They are a reservoir of diverse antioxidant molecules, such as lycopene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, carotenoids, flavraioids, and phenolics, and may provide a significant part of the total intake of beneficial phytochemicals, as a result of then-high consumption rates. Among carotenoids, lycopene has a strong antioxidant activity and is able to induce cell-to-ceU communications and modulate hormones, immune systems, and other metabolic pathways [182]. 

AracMs Oil.—The earth-nut or ground-nut, from which arachis oil is obtained, is extensively cultivated in North America, India and Western Africa. Large quantities are exported to Marseilles where the oil is expressed. Arachis oil enters largely into the composition of Marseilles White Soaps. 

Haffloioer oil is extracted from the seeds of the Oarthamus tinctorius, which, although indigenous to India and the East Indies, is extensively cultivated in Bouthern Kussia (Baratowa) and German East... 

The great significance of very important, extensively cultivated glycoalkaloid-positive food plants, especially ... 

Okra Hibiscus esculentus L.) can be found in the mild temperate, subtropical and tropical areas of the world. Okra is native to Africa but grows in Turkey, Greece, South America and the Middle East and is extensively cultivated in the southern United States. The tender pods are edible and have been used as an ingredient for pickles, soups and gravies. 

Ribes nigrum are extensively cultivated in southern Italy around Naples France, Germany and England. The berries are used like those of the red currants but also in a liqueur called cassis. The plant, including the... 

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