Toxicity from

Mycotoxins. The condition produced by the consumption of moldy foods containing toxic material is referred to as mycotoxicosis. Molds and fungi fall iato this category and several derive thek toxicity from the production of oxaflc acid, although the majority of mycotoxias are much more complex. 

Efficient homeostatic controls of mammalians generally prevent serious toxicity from ingestion of the mineral nutrients. Toxicity may occur under conditions far removed from those of nutritional significance or for individuals suffering from some pathological conditions. Because of very low concentrations in foods, the trace elements are not toxic under normal nutritional conditions. Exceptions are selenium and iron (162). 

D. N. Dickson, Ph.D. dissertation. The Effectiveness of Biodegradation in the Removal of Acid Dyes and Toxicity from Carpet Dyeing Waste Water, Georgia Institute of Technology, Adanta, Mar. 1981. 

Toxicity. Low toxicity from solvent-vapor inhalation or skin contac t is preferred because of potential exposure during repair of equipment or while connections are being broken after a solvent transfer. Also, low toxicity to fish and bioorganisms is preferred when extraction is used as a pretreatment for wastewater before it enters a biotreatment plant and with final effluent discharge to a stream or lake. Often solvent toxicity is low if water solubility is high. 

Figure 4-114. Determination of lethal toxicity from the dose-response curve [32A]. (Courtesy SPE.)...

Hodges B, Everett J Acute toxicity from home-brewed gamma hydroxybutyrate. J Am Board Earn Prac 11 154—137, 1998... 

Following acute oral toxicity from dosages ranging from 14 to 80 mg/kg, laboratory rats had earlier recovery of brain acetylcholinesterase levels than did feral cotton rats. Similar results were seen in a comparison of laboratory mice to feral mice (Roberts et al. 1988). 

Once candidate molecules have been selected, there is an increased possibility for more in-depth in silico studies for toxic effects. These could, for instance, take the form of attempts to design out toxicities from a fundamental point of view, or may involve de novo modeling efforts. For instance, just as drug activity is optimized by QSAR, toxicity could also be minimized. 

Clearfield HR. 1970. Hepatorenal toxicity from sniffing spot remover (trichloroethylene). DigDis 15 851-856. 

The combination of cyclosporine with calcipotriol may be more efficacious than either agent used alone.21,37 Cyclosporine and SCAT may also be effective.21,38 However, cyclosporine should not be used concurrently with PIJVA there is a well-documented increased risk of squamous cell cancer and the combination may have a negative effect on lesion clearance.21 The combination of cyclosporine with methotrexate is extremely effective and minimizes toxicity from either agent as discussed. Cyclosporine has also been used successfully with mycophenolate mofetil38 and etanercept.29... 

Because of the increased permeability of their skin, infants are at risk for excessive absorption and toxicity from the use of topical steroids. Although these agents are effective in decreasing inflammation and relieving pruritus, steroid use in infants for the treatment of diaper dermatitis should be limited to only the low-potency preparations.38... 

Similar to 5-FU, there is a polymorphism associated with irinotecan toxicity. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) is an enzyme responsible for the glucuronidation of SN-38 to inactive metabolites, and reduced or deficient levels of this enzyme correlate with irinotecan-induced diarrhea and neutropenia.39 Recently the FDA approved a blood test that detects variations in this gene. This test will assist health care providers in predicting which patients may develop severe toxicities from normal doses of irinotecan and can be ordered prior to patients receiving irinotecan. binotecan is administered as an IV bolus over 60 to 90 minutes in a variety dosing schedules. 

Sick soil" toxicants Accumulation of toxicants from previous inhabitants evidently results in growth inhibition of roots and interfere with seedling establishment (46). 

In the U.S., the central nervous system syndrome is usually more common among children, and the gastrointestinal syndrome is more prevalent in adults. Exposure to lead is also linked to decreased fertility in men. Lead is a probable human carcinogen, based on sufficient animal evidence. Populations at increased risk of toxicity from exposure to lead include developing fetuses and young children, individuals with decreased kidney function, and children with sickle-cell anemia. 

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