Unpleasant taste

Liquid chlorine dioxide, ClOj, boils at 284 K to give an orange-yellow gas. A very reactive compound, it decomposes readily and violently into its constituents. It is a powerful oxidising agent which has recently found favour as a commercial oxidising agent and as a bleach for wood pulp and flour. In addition, it is used in water sterilisation where, unlike chlorine, it does not produce an unpleasant taste. It is produced when potassium chlorate(V) is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, the reaction being essentially a disproportionation of chloric(V) acid ... 

Cacogeusia. Persistent or intermittent unpleasant taste in the mouth. 

Both urea— and melamine—formaldehyde resins are of low toxicity. In the uncured state, the amino resin contains some free formaldehyde that could be objectionable. However, uncured resins have a very unpleasant taste that would discourage ingestion of more than trace amounts. The molded plastic, or the cured resin on textiles or paper may be considered nontoxic. Combustion or thermal decomposition of the cured resins can evolve toxic gases, such as formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, and oxides of nitrogen. 

Pharmaceutical Applications. Sucrose has a long history in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It imparts body to symps and medicinal hquids and masks unpleasant tastes. Sucrose also functions as a diluent to control dmg concentrations in medicines, as an ingredient binder for tablets, and to impart chewiness to the latter. Sustained-release medications and protective tablet glazes are prepared using sucrose (41). Sucrose-based sugar pastes are used to promote wound healing (58). 

Maturing improves the taste and aroma of beer and the elimination of tannin, protein, and hop resins also has a beneficial effect. Some metaboHc products of unpleasant taste are further converted or washed out by the carbon dioxide surplus. The time for 1 agering varies with different types of beer. For every type of beer there is an optimal 1 agering time, and longer ] agering is usually detrimental to beer quaHty. The fiHed 1 agering tanks are subjected to the saturating pressure of carbon dioxide, usually 50—70 kPa (ca 0.5—0.7 atm), controUed by a safety valve. 

Levopropoxyphene [2338-37-6] (42), the optical antipode of the dextrorotatory analgetic propoxyphene, is an antitussive without analgetic activity. The 2-naphthalenesulfonate salt has a less unpleasant taste than the hydrochloride salt, and is widely used. Clinical effectiveness has been demonstrated against pathological and artificially induced cough, but the potency is somewhat less than codeine. The compound is reported not to cause addiction. Levopropoxyphene can be prepared (62) by first resolving [ -dimethylamino-CX-methylpropiophenone with dibenzoyl-(+)-tartaric acid. The resolved... 

Primel, /. primrose, -kratzstoff, m. an unpleasant-tasting substance in primrose root. Primzahl,/. prime number,... 

Brines maybe, as the name suggests, solutions of inorganic salts in water, and the two in general use are sodium chloride and calcium chloride. Of these, the former is compatible with most foodstuffs and can be used in direct contact or in circumstances where the brine may come into contact with the product. Calcium chloride has an unpleasant taste and cannot be permitted to contaminate foods. 

The more common adverse reactions associated witii die mast cell stabilizers include headache, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, hypotension, or unpleasant taste in the mouth. These dm may cause nasal or throat irritation when given intranasally or by inhalation. A more complete listing of the adverse reactions associated with the mast cell stabilizers is found in the Summary Drug Table Antiastiima Dru i. 

ANTIASTHMA DRUGS. Some antia tiimadrugp may cause an unpleasant taste in the mouth. Having the patient take frequent sips of water, suck on sugarless candy, or chew gum helps to alleviate die problem. If dizziness occurs, the patient may require assistance with ambulation. For nausea, the nurse provides frequent small meals, rather than three larger meals. 

Dilute die solution witii water or fruit juice. Fruit juice often disguises die taste more than water does. Experiment with die types of fruit juice that best reduce die unpleasant taste of tiiis drug. 

Although mild, the adverse reactions associated with the mast cell inhibitors include headache, rhinitis, unpleasant taste, asthma, and cold/flu symptoms. These drug may also cause ocular burning or irritation, dry eye, eye redness, foreign body sensation, and ocular discomfort. 

Polymeric microparticles have been studied and developed for several years. Their contribution in the pharmacy field is of utmost importance in order to improve the efficiency of oral delivery of drugs. As drug carriers, polymer-based microparticles may avoid the early degradation of active molecules in undesirable sites of the gastrointestinal tract, mask unpleasant taste of drugs, reduce doses and side effects and improve bioavailability. Also, they allow the production of site-specific drug targeting, which consists of a suitable approach for the delivery of active molecules into desired tissues or cells in order to increase their efficiency. 

The physicochemical characteristics of the active ingredient in relation to the dosage form and the suitability for its intended purpose was discussed in several EPARs, particularly relating to the solubility characteristics and absorption from the gut. The compression characteristics were also mentioned in some EPARs. The possible effects of different polymorphs or evidence that only a single polymorph is used are addressed as appropriate. Different amorphous or crystalline forms are also discussed. Where affecting the dosage form, selection properties such as unpleasant taste or smell are mentioned. 

The dosage forms most commonly employed for pediatric formulations are liquids and chewable tablets. A perceived unpleasant taste is much more evident with these dosage forms than when a drug is administered as a conventional solid oral dosage form. Second, it is widely believed that children younger than the age of 6 years have more acute taste perception than older children and adults. Taste buds and olfactory receptors are fully developed in early infancy. Loss of taste perception accompanies the aging process. 

In many circumstances it may be difficult to mask the unpleasant taste of the active ingredient. Regardless of flavoring used, parents consistently report that children prefer cephalosponin products to penicillin suspensions [98],... 

Oxidative rancidity is not necessarily a problem unless a polyunsaturated fat such as sunflower oil has been used. Where such a fat is used oxidative rancidity can occur and, as autoxidation occurs where the reaction becomes self-catalysing as oxygen free radicals react, some very unpleasant tastes can appear very quickly. In general, the effect of oxidation on biscuits at the end of their shelf life is that a cardboard taste starts to appear. 

Eszopiclone has a rapid onset and a duration of action of up to 6 hours. The most common adverse effects are somnolence, unpleasant taste, headache, and dry mouth. It may be taken nightly for up to 6 months. 

Dictyota species are rich with unpleasant-tasting chemicals to discourage grazing fishes. Amphipods and other small creatures often find safety in among such unpalatable seaweeds, where fishes are infrequent visitors. The chemicals in Dictyota bartayresii are not unpleasant to PI, and in fact the amphipod uses them to identify the seaweed it eats. Conceivably, PI could also sequester these distasteful compounds for its own protection perhaps surprisingly, it does not. 

To mask the unpleasant taste of the active pharmaceutical ingredient... 

Symptoms of exposure Anoxia, unpleasant taste, anemia (NIOSH, 1997)... 

N. Garti, M. Frenkel, and R. Schwartz Multiple Emulsions II. Proposed Technique to Overcome Unpleasant Taste of Drugs. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 4, 237 (1983). 

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