Odors body odor

Deodorants are designed to either mask or reduce body odor. Body odor is often associated with perspiration however, perspiration itself has little odor. The bacteria that live in warm and moist areas of the body, such as the armpit or groin. 

S. H. Harris, P. E. Kreter, and C. W. Podey, "Characterization of Polyurethane Eoam Odor Bodies," Polyurethanes World Congress 1987, Aachen,... 

Tall oil rosin is a by-product of paper manufacturing. Raw wood chips are digested under heat and pressure with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. Soluble sodium salts of lignin, rosin, and fatty acids are formed, which are removed from the wood pulp as a dark solution. The soaps of the rosin and fatty acids float to the top of the mixture, where they are skimmed off and treated with sulfuric acid to free the rosin and fatty acids. This mixture, known as cmde tall oil (CTO), is refined further to remove color and odor bodies fractional distillation separates the tall oil rosin acids from the fatty acids (see Tall oil). 

Distillation. Most fatty acids are distilled to produce high quaHty products having exceUent color and a low level of impurities. Distillation removes odor bodies and low boiling unsaponifiable material in a light ends or heads fraction, and higher boiling material such as polymerized material, triglycerides, color bodies, and heavy decomposition products are removed as a bottoms or pitch fraction. The middle fractions sometimes can be used as is, or they can be fractionated (separated) into relatively pure materials such as lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. 

Temperature Relief from overheating Humidity. Prevention of condensation or fogging Odor Dilution of odor from smoking, body odor, processes, etc. 

To summarize, a mechanical system that is planned to control indoor air contaminants (including humidity, radon, combustion gases, and body odors) and reduce the risk of condensation in the building shell in a cold humid climate should include... 

Willse, A., Belcher, A.M., Preti, G., Wahl, J.H., Thresher, M., Yang, P., Yamazaki, K. and Beauchamp, G.K. (2005) Identification of major histocompatibility complex-regulated body odorants by statistical analysis of a comparative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry experiment. Anal. Chem. 77, 2348-2361. 

Kuukasjarvi, S., Eriksson, C.J.P., Koskela, E., Mappes, T., Nissinen, K. and Rantala, MJ. (2004) Attractiveness of women s body odors over the course of the menstrual cycle The role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex. Behav. Ecol. 15, 579-584. 

Martins, Y., Preti, G., Crabtree, C.R., Runyan, T., Vainius, A.A. and Wysocki, CJ. (2005) Preference for human body odors is influenced by gender and sexual orientation. Psych. Sci. 16, 694-701. 

Porter, R.H., Balogh, R.D., Cemoch, J.M. and Franchi, C. (1986) Recognition of kin through characteristic body odors. Chem. Sens. 11, 389-395. 

Schaefer, M.L., Yamazaki, K., Osada, K., Restrepo, D. and Beauchamp, G.K. (2002) Olfactory fingerprints for major histocompatibility complex-determined body odors II relationship among odor maps, genetics, odor composition, and behavior. J. Neurosci. 22, 9513-9521. 

Pause, B.M., Krauel, K., Sojka, B. and Ferstl, R. (1998) Body odor evoked potentials a new method to study the chemosensory perception of self and non-self in humans. Genetica 104, 285-294. 

Roberts, S.C., Gosling, L.M., Spector, T.D., Miller, P., Penn, D.J. and Petrie, M. (2005) Body odor similarity in noncohabiting twins. Chem. Senses 30 1-6. 

Body odors, 1 816 Body preparations, 7 842t Body tissue, caustic soda versus, 22 840 Body washes, 22 748 Body waves, 17 422 Body weight, role in toxicology studies, 25 216... 

Body odor is the sum of all perceivable compounds in excreta and secreta (Bryant and Atema, 1987). Body odors can change with diet but are nevertheless important in communication bullhead catfish Ictalurus nebulosus) use body odors in dominance and territorial relationships. 

Changing the diet of a fish may change the behavior of conspecifics it interacts with subsequently. For instance, if one of a pair of male brown bullhead, I. nebulosus (a catfish), is removed from the tank and fed beef liver instead of the usual trout chow and then returned to his partner in their original tank, the resident will behave differently than if the same male is reintroduced without a diet change. The former tank mate is now a chemical stranger. The behavior changes include loss of territory and more activity by the smaller, manipulated fish and more aggression and activity by the resident fish. These diet-dependent odors are not specialized pheromones, and yet they are probably important social chemical cues in the natural territorial and dominance behavior of bullhead catfish. Body odor is the more appropriate term (Bryant and Atema, 1987). 

Optimus odor in corpore est nullus [The best body odor is none]. 

Signaling pheromones are animal-produced, interindividual chemicals that modulate behavior in conspecifics. Like visual and auditory signals, they have comparatively rapid effects exchange of signals takes seconds or minutes. (Priming pheromones [Ch. 8], hy comparison, trigger slower endocrine or developmental processes.) The pheromone concept, originally based on insects (Karlson and Luscher, 1959), has been debated for vertebrates, notably mammals (e.g. Beauchamp etal., 1976 Johnston, 2001). Often it is better to use the term body odors to avoid particular assumptions. Now the term pheromones is widely used for vertebrates, without any particularly narrow definition implied. 

Mammals may become familiarized with one another by body odors, without having direct contact. For instance, Columbian ground squirrels, S. columbianus, show more-cohesive and less-agonistic behaviors toward unfamiliar non-colony members if they had experienced the odor of these individuals in traps that had been used in both colonies (Hare, 1994). 

Hatchling green iguanas. Iguana iguana, recognize kin by the odor of their feces, but also by their body odor (Werner et al, 1987). 

In the rat and other rodents, individual odors probably reflect genetic differences. Laboratory rats can distinguish individuals. They discriminate between two intact males, two castrated males, two estrous/proestrous females, two diestrous/metestrous females, or two ovariectomized females. Urine odors differ individually despite differences in the levels of gonadal hormones. Individual recognition may be independent of reproductive state or social status, even though hormone-influenced body odors may be used for individual recognition (Brown, 1988). 

Dominance status information, coded in whole-body odor, can travel between animals in an air stream. When exposed to the odor of a familiar, dominant male, the sugar glider, P. breviceps, increases cardiac and respiration rates within 10 minutes, and levels of glucose and catecholamine in the plasma rise after 30 minutes (Stoddart and Bradley, 1991). 

Female snakes leave odor trails as they move through vegetation. Their body odor adheres to the anterolateral surfaces of vertical objects. Males then are able to determine the direction of a female s path. The plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix, extracts information in this way (Ford and Low, 1984). 

Odors are important in the attraction of the sexes, and men and women differ in this. Women (American college students) ranked body odor as more important than any other factor in attraction to men, except pleasantness. Men, however, ranked good looks highest, except for pleasantness (Herz and Inzlicht, 2002). 

Even adults can still develop olfactory preferences that contravene those acquired before sexual maturity. Female laboratory mice imprinted by the odor of one mouse strain will prefer this odor even more if they are exposed to males of this strain as adults. However, if they are exposed to males of a different strain when sexually mature, their original odor preference will be reversed (Albonetti and D Udine, 1986). Naturally occurring sex or body odors may assume their sexual significance after association with sexual activity male mice were aroused by a perfume that they had experienced earlier on scented females they had interacted with (Nyby etal., 1978). Practitioners have known that adult mammals can acquire responses after exposure to certain animals. For instance, bulls of the Asian elephant that had been housed near African elephant bulls respond to temporal gland secretion and its three components phenol, 4-methylphenol, and (E)-farnesol from the latter species. Asian bulls thathad not been associated with African bulls did not respond (Rasmussen, 1988). 

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