Cranial nerve

These are a subset of sensory neurons having their cell bodies (small to medium size) in dorsal root and in cranial nerve ganglia and possessing nonmyelinated (C-type) or thinly myelinated (A-delta type) fibres. This subset of neurons express transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1, or vanilloid, or capsaicin receptor) that is excited by capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of chilli. These neurons have been classified as polymodal nociceptors because they can be excited by various noxious stimuli. 

The clinical presentation of MM in HIV-infected patients is similar to that in other patients with vasculitic neuropathy (Hoke and Comblath 2004). It is characterized by symptoms and signs of sensory involvement, with numbness and tingling in the distribution of one peripheral nerve trunk. Sequential involvement of other noncontiguous peripheral or cranial nerves progresses over days to weeks. The initial multifocal and random neurologic features may evolve to symmetrical neuropathy (Ferrari et al. 2006). 

Tetanus occurs when Cl. tetani, ubiquitous in the soil and faeces, contaminates wounds, especially deep puncture-type lesions. These might be minor traumas such as a splinter, or major ones such as battle injury. At these sites, tissue necrosis and possibly microbial growth reduce the oxygen tension to allow this anaerobe to multiply. Its growth is accompanied by the production of a highly potent toxin which passes up peripheral nerves and diSuses locally within the central nervous system. It acts like strychnine by affecting normal function at the synapses. Since the motor nerves of the brain stem are the shortest, the cranial nerves are the first affected, with twitches of the eyes and spasms of the jaw (lockjaw). 

Acute exposure to trichloroethylene and its decomposition products (e.g., dichloroacetylene) has also led to residual neuropathy, characterized by nerve damage. This neuropathy is characterized by facial numbness, jaw weakness, and facial discomfort (indicating damage to cranial nerves V and VII) which can persist for several months (Buxton and Hayward 1967 Feldman 1970). Chronic exposure in the workplace has also been associated with damage to the cranial nerves in several cases (Bardodej and Vyskocil 1956 Barret et al. 1987 Cavanagh and Buxton 1989). Persons who have died from overexposure have shown degeneration of cranial nuclei in the brain stem (Buxton and Hayward 1967). Some of these effects may be attributed to... 

It is not clear if the effects on cranial nerve dysfunction from inhalation exposure are attributable to trichloroethylene or its decomposition products. For example, while a number of limited animal studies report neuropathies associated with exposure to trichloroethylene (Bardodej and Vyskocil 1956 Barret et al. 1987 Lawrence and Partyka 1981 McCunney 1988), there are some animal studies which report that these effects resulted from exposure to the trichloroethylene decomposition product, dichloroacetylene (Barret et al. 1992 Buxton and Hayward 1967 Cavanagh and Buxton 1989 Feldman 1970 Humphrey and McClelland 1944). 

Humphrey JH, McClelland M. 1944. Cranial-nerve palsies with herpes following general anaesthesia. Br MedJ 1 315-318. 

The so-called inferior group (B1-B4) projects mainly to brainstem nuclei, the head nuclei of some cranial nerves and the spinal cord. This means that these neurons are well placed for serving a key role in regulation of motor activity, autonomic function and nociception. In addition, there are numerous interconnections between the different... 

Exts no bruits, pulses 2+, femoral pulse present, good range of motion Neurologic alert and oriented x 3, cranial nerves intact... 

Peripheral neuropathy primary dose-limiting toxicity motor sensory, autonomic, and cranial nerves may all be affected (paresthesias, ileus, urinary retention, facial palsies) may be irreversible mild emetogen SIADH vesicant extravasation injury... 

Neuro Alert and oriented x 3. Cranial nerves IOXII are intact, nonfocal. 

Trigeminal nerve The fifth cranial nerve responsible for pain perception in the head and face. 

Trigeminovascular Referring to the cranial nerve and its vascular supply responsible for the generation of headache pain. 

Chisaka, O., Musci, T. S., and Capecchi, M. R. (1992). Developmental defects of the ear, cranial nerves and hindbrain resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene Hox-1.6. Nature 355 516-520. 

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brainstem and 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord. These peripheral nerves carry information between the CNS and the tissues of the body. The PNS consists of two divisions ... 

Originates in brainstem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X) and sacral region of spinal cord (S2-S4)... 

---