Ground squirrels

Ara-A-5 -monophosphate [29984-33-6] (ara-AMP), C2QH24N OyP, is more water-soluble than ara-A, and therefore can be used in higher dosage during the first hours of treatment of viral infections. Ara-AMP has been shown to decrease virion-associated DNA polymerase concentrations in ground squirrels carrying ground squirrel hepatitis vims. The hypoxanthine derivative, ara-HxMP [54656-49-4] (24) is more water-soluble, appears to have a similar antiviral spectmm to ara-A, and is considerably less toxic (48). 

Harris M.A. and Murie J.O. (1984). Discrimination of estrous status by Columbian Ground Squirrels. Anim Behav 32, 939-940. 

Deaths of nontarget species of birds after eating 1080-poisoned baits have been reported (Spurr 1979 Mcllroy 1984 Fry et al. 1986 Hegdal et al. 1986 Mcllroy et al. 1986a), although population effects have not yet been demonstrated. Birds of several species were found dead after 1080 baits were applied to kill California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), but only Brewer s blackbird... 

Fed 1080-poisoned ground squirrels (Spermophylus sp.) that contained 0.01-0.09 mg fluoroacetate/kg FW Maximum residues in dead coyotes, in mg 1080/kg FW, were 0.14 in large intestine, 0.09 in kidney, 0.07 in brain, 0.05 in stomach, and 0.03 in liver 17... 

The timing of application of 1080 baits is critical. In one mishap, baits were dropped aerially while many ground squirrels — the targeted species — were still in hibernation underground for the winter and had not emerged (Collins 1965). Aerial application of 1080 baits in a ground squirrel... 

Casper, H.H., M.E. Mount, R.E. Marsh, and R.H. Schmidt. 1986. Fluoroacetate residues in ground squirrel and coyote tissues due to primary or secondary 1080 poisoning. Jour. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 69 441-442. 

Hegdal, P.L., K.A. Fagerstone, T.A. Gatz, J.F. Glahn, and G.H. Matschke. 1986. Hazards to wildlife associated with 1080 baiting for California ground squirrels. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14 11-21. 

Marsh, R.E., R.H. Schmidt, and W.E. Howard. 1987. Secondary hazards to coyotes of ground squirrels poisoned with 1080 or strychnine. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15 380-385. 

Steiner, A. L. (1973) Self- and allo-grooming behavior in some ground squirrels (Sciuridae), descriptive study. Can. J. Zool. 51, 151-161. 

B9. Blumberg, B. S., Allison, A. C., and Garry, B., The haptoglobins, hemoglobins and serum proteins of the Alaskan fur seal, ground squirrel and marmot.. Cellular Comp. Physiol. 55, 61 (1960). 

Several mammals living at high altitude have bloods with high oxygen affinities. They include the llama, the golden-mantled ground squirrel... 

Fruit and seeds make up the largest part of the diet of most of the common small mammals on our study sites, particularly the deer mouse, harvest mouse, chipmunk, ground squirrel, and western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus anthonyi). The gray squirrel is an excellent example of the interactions within this forest and of the potential effects of oxidant air pollution. It is abundant throughout the mixed-conifer type, depend-... 

Beldings ground squirrel Phenotype matching Holmes, 1986... 

Mammals may become familiarized with one another by body odors, without having direct contact. For instance, Columbian ground squirrels, S. columbianus, show more-cohesive and less-agonistic behaviors toward unfamiliar non-colony members if they had experienced the odor of these individuals in traps that had been used in both colonies (Hare, 1994). 

Visual and olfactory stimuli contribute to anti-snake responses in mammals California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi, flag their tail and kick sand at a rattlesnake, C. viridis, more often than at a gopher snake, P. melanoleucus. The squirrels kicked sand at and approached a snake in a perforated transparent bag more frequently than one in an intact hag. Visual and chemical cues are important, but the latter seem to he the primary releasers (Henessy and Owings, 1979). 

Hare, J. F. (1994). Group member discrimination by Columbian ground squirrels via familiarity with substrate-borne chemical cues.AnimalBehaviour47,803-813. 

Harris, M. A. and Murie, J. O. (1982). Responses to oral gland scents from different males in Columbian ground squirrels. AnfmflZBe/iflwottr 30,140-148. 

Henessy, F. F. and Owings, D. H. (1979). Snake species discrimination and the role of olfactory cues in the snake-directed behavior of the California ground squirrel. Behaviour 65,115-124. 

Holmes, W. G. (1984). Sibling recognition in thirteen lined ground squirrels effects of genetic relatedness, rearing association and olfaction. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 14,225. 

Kin recognition by phenotype matching in female Belding s ground squirrels. 

Salmon, T. P. and Marsh, R. E. (1989). California ground-squirrel trapping influenced by anal-gland odors. Journal of Mammalogy 70,428-431. 

If the model for the oscillator is correct. Per and Cry expression will define solar/ circadian time, driving the activity—rest cycle rather than just being a passive reflection of the activity cycle. Therefore, their expression patterns should exhibit the same phase in the SCN of nocturnal and diurnal species. This is confirmed by examination of Per expression in the SCN of the diurnally active ground squirrel, Spermophilus (Mrosovsky et al 2001). The rhythm of Per1 and Per2 expression in... 

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