Blood-plasma

Aminothiazole present in urine or blood plasma forms a colored Schiff base when 5-nitrofurfural is added the colorimetric analysis of the Schiff base allows the quantitative determination of this thiazole (1571). The Schiff base may also be dosed by polarographic of spectro-photometric methods (1572). 

Blood oxygenators Blood plasma Blood plasma extenders Blood proteins Bloodroot Blood serum... 

The major use of vinylpyrrohdinone is as a monomer in manufacture of poly(vinylpyrrohdinone) (PVP) homopolymer and in various copolymers, where it frequendy imparts hydrophilic properties. When PVP was first produced, its principal use was as a blood plasma substitute and extender, a use no longer sanctioned. These polymers are used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic appHcations, soft contact lenses, and viscosity index improvers. The monomer serves as a component in radiation-cured polymer compositions, serving as a reactive diluent that reduces viscosity and increases cross-linking rates (see... 

A method for the fractionation of plasma, allowing albumin, y-globulin, and fibrinogen to become available for clinical use, was developed during World War II (see also Fractionation, blood-plasma fractionation). A stainless steel blood cell separation bowl, developed in the early 1950s, was the earhest blood cell separator. A disposable polycarbonate version of the separation device, now known as the Haemonetics Latham bowl for its inventor, was first used to collect platelets from a blood donor in 1971. Another cell separation rotor was developed to faciUtate white cell collections. This donut-shaped rotor has evolved to the advanced separation chamber of the COBE Spectra apheresis machine. 

Primary blood components iaclude plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and stem cells. Plasma consists of water dissolved proteias, ie, fibrinogen, albumins, and globulins coagulation factors and nutrients. The principal plasma-derived blood products are siagle-donor plasma (SDP), produced by sedimentation from whole blood donations fresh frozen plasma (FFP), collected both by apheresis and from whole blood collections cryoprecipitate, produced by cryoprecipitation of FFP albumin, collected through apheresis and coagulation factors, produced by fractionation from FFP and by apheresis (see Fractionation, blood-plasma fractionation). 

Human blood plasma contains over 700 different proteins (qv) (1). Some of these are used in the treatment of illness and injury and form a set of pharmaceutical products that have become essential to modem medicine (Table 1). Preparation of these products is commonly referred to as blood plasma fractionation, an activity often regarded as a branch of medical technology, but which is actually a process industry engaged in the manufacture of speciaUst biopharmaceutical products derived from a natural biological feedstock (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Dextran. This polysaccharide is produced from sucrose by certain species of l euconostoc (70). Dextran [9004-54-0] was the first commercial microbial polysaccharide. It was used as a blood plasma extender in the U.S. Army during the late 1940s and early 1950s. This program was discontinued in 1955. 

Protein-Based Substitutes. Several plant and animal-based proteins have been used in processed meat products to increase yields, reduce reformulation costs, enhance specific functional properties, and decrease fat content. Examples of these protein additives are wheat flour, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, textured soy protein, cottonseed flour, oat flour, com germ meal, nonfat dry milk, caseinates, whey proteins, surimi, blood plasma, and egg proteins. Most of these protein ingredients can be included in cooked sausages with a maximum level allowed up to 3.5% of the formulation, except soy protein isolate and caseinates are restricted to 2% (44). 

Normal blood plasma or semm levels of the mineral nutrients and the usual form ia circulating blood are given ia Table 2. Modes of absorption and excretion are summarized ia Table 3. Standard treatises on mineral nutrients (r4—r6, rlO—r21) and standard sources of nutrient composition (22,23) are available ia the Hterature. 

Copper. AH human tissues contain copper. The highest amounts are found in the Hver, brain, heart, and kidney (102). In blood, plasma and erythrocytes contain almost equal amounts of copper, ie, ca 110 and 115 mg/100 mL, respectively. 

First developed in Germany by I. G. Farben (W. Reppe) during the 1930s, PVP was subsequentiy widely used in Germany as a blood-plasma substitute and extender during World War II (69). In the United States, it has been manufactured since 1956 by ISP, and more recentiy by BASF. 

Blood Plasma and Serum. The terms plasma and semm are frequendy confused. Plasma refers to the Hquid that suspends the red cells within the body. Semm is that Hquid, removed from the body, from which the coagulum has been removed semm contains no coagulation factors and is severely depleted of platelets. 

Indirect type, batch or continuous operation for pharmaceuticals such as peniciUin and blood plasma. Expensive. Used on beat-sensitive and readily oxidized materials under Liquids under Liquids under Liquids used on pharmaceuticals and related products which cannot be dried successfuby by other means. Applicable to fine chemicals under Granular solids cial cases such as emulsion-coated films under Granular solids... 

Human exposure to environmental contaminants has been investigated through the analysis of adipose tissue, breast milk, blood and the monitoring of faecal and urinary excretion levels. However, while levels of persistent contaminants in human milk, for example, are extensively monitored, very little is known about foetal exposure to xenobiotics because the concentrations of persistent compounds in blood and trans-placental transmission are less well studied. Also, more information is needed in general about the behaviour of endocrine disruptive compounds (and their metabolites) in vivo, for example the way they bind to blood plasma proteins. 

Ceruloplasmin (from human blood plasma) [9031-37-2] Mr 134,000. This principle Cu transporter (90-90% of circulating Cu) is purified by precipitation with polyethylene glycol 4000, balchwise adsorption and elution from QAE-Sephadex, and gradient elution from DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. Ceruloplasmin... 

For plasminogen-deficient fibrinogen from blood plasma, the anticoagulated blood was centrifuged and the plasma was frozen and washed with saline solution. Treated with charcoal and freeze-thawed. Dialysed versus Tris/NaCl buffer. [Maxwell and Nikel Biochem Prep 12 16 1968.]... 

Prothrombin (Factor II, from equine blood plasma) [9001-26-7] 72,000. Purified by two... 

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