Blood plasma cattle

Blood plasma (cattle) Extraction, fractionation by cation and anion exchange chromatography, p-glucuronidase/sulphatase hydrolysis HPLC/lon Trap-MS HPLC/MS No data 89.6 1.6% Coldham et al. 1998... 

Elevated tissue residues, cattle Blood plasma Internal organs Histopathology, cattle Internal organs... 

Gardner, D.R. and Panter, K.E. (1993). Comparison of blood plasma alkaloid levels in cattle, sheep and goats fed Lupinus caudatus, J. Nat. Toxins, 2, 1-11. 

Human blood, given by blood donors, is a source not only of cellular material (red cells, white cells, platelets) but also of blood plasma, which is subjected to protein fractionation to give albumin, anti-hemophilia factors and immunoglobulins. The possibility of transmission of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) - prions are not really understood - and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), if sterilization procedures fail, combined with the feasibility of manufacturing proteins by recombinant DNA technology, mean that there is uncertainty about the long-term future of the blood products industry. Indeed, the problems with bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) and the related fatal human brain disorder, CJD, have led to unease about cattle-derived substances. 

Pharmacokinetics of lonophore Absorption. We have developed a sensitive chemical assay for carboxylic lonophores (which will be published elsewhere) based on their ability to form lipid soluble complexes with cations. We can detect as little as 1 part per billion (ppb) monensin in 2 ml of blood plasma or tissue. For a comparison yardstick, current feeding regimens call for ca. 30 parts per million (ppm) in cattle feed (32) and as much as 100 ppm in poultry feed (33). 

Hidiroglou, N., Laflamme, L.F. and McDowell, L.R. (1988) Blood plasma and tissue concentrations of vitamin E in beef cattle as influenced by supplementation of various tocopherol compounds. J. Anim. Sci. 66, 3227-3234. 

Lundh, T.J., Pettersson, H.I. Martinsson, K.A. (1990). Comparative levels of free and conjugated plant estrogens in blood plasma of sheep and cattle fed estrogenic silage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38,1530-1534. 

Gardner, D. R., and Panter, K. E. 1993. Comparison of Blood Plasma Alkaloid Levels in Cattle, Sheep and Goats Fed Lupinus caudatus. Journal of Natural Toxins 2 1-11. 

Ceftiofiir is absorbed poorly after oral administration but rapidly after intramuscular injection. In all species, ceftiofur was rapidly metabolized to desfuroyl-ceftioftir and fiiroic acid. Desfiiroylceftiofur occurred in the free form in the plasma of treated cattle but was covalently bound to plasma proteins in rats (82). Maximum blood concentrations of ceftiofiir-related residues were achieved within 0.5 and 2 h of dosing. Unmetabolized ceftiofur was generally undetectable in blood within 2-4 h of dosing (83). More than 90% of the administered dose was excreted within 24 h of administration, mostly in urine. Residues in urine and feces were composed primarily of desfiiroylceftiofur and desfiiroylceftiofur cysteine disulfide, with small amounts of unmetabolized ceftiofur. 

After intramuscular injections of radiolabeled ceftiofur to cattle and swine, the compound was absorbed rapidly into the blood and eliminated mostly in urine (84). The tissue in which highest residue concentrations were observed at 12 h after the last dose was the kidney. Most of the radioactivity was found in the form of the microbiologically active primary metabolite, desfiiroylceftiofur, conjugated to macromolecules in plasma and tissues. Desfiiroylceftiofur cysteine was also found in tissues, plasma, and urine, whereas the desfiiroylceftiofur dimer was found in urine. It was suggested that since the binding of desfiiroylceftiofur to biological molecules is reversible, all of the ceftiofiir-related residues that contain the desfuroylceftiofur moiety have the potential to be microbiologically active. 

Absorption of fenbendazole is slow in ruminants but more rapid in monogastric animals. Maximum concentrations in blood are achieved at about 8 h in rats and rabbits, 24 h in dogs, and 2-3 days in sheep. Elimination of fenbendazole is predominantly by the fecal route. The metabolic pathway of fenbendazole is similar in rats, rabbits, dogs, sheep, cattle, goats, and chickens. It is rapidly metabolized to fenbendazole sulfoxide (oxfendazole), fenbendazole sulfone, fenbendazole 2-aminosulfone, and other minor metabolites detected in plasma. 

Terbutaline residues can appear in blood after oral administration of the compound to dairy cattle and chickens (32). In dairy cows dosed twice daily with 50 g terbutaline/kg bw, residue concentrations in plasma ranged from below 0.5 ppb to about 4 ppb during the course of a 6 day treatment period. 

Thiamine is absorbed by a pathway that is saturable at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 jumol/L. Oral doses in excess of 10 mg do not significantly increase blood or urine concentrations of vitamin Bi. In the human, absorption occurs predominantly in the jejunum and ileum. Some ferns, shellfish, fish, and species of bacteria contain thiami-nase, which cleaves the pyrimidine ring from the thiazole ring. This enzyme causes thiamine deficiency in cattle. In plasma, thiamine is transported bound to albumin and, to a small extent, other proteins. TPP is synthesized in the liver by thiamine pyrophosphokinase. 

A summary of studies where some isoflavones and their metabolites have been analyzed from blood samples of sheep and cattle fed red clover is presented in Table 9.1. The concentrations of isoflavonoids seem to be at the same level in both sheep and cattle. Conjugated or total equol concentration varied between 33 and 770 xg per 100 mL, and free or unconjugated equol concentration was between 2 and 10 xg per 100 mL. Lundh (1995) has estimated that of the total equol concentration about 5% in cows and 1% in sheep exist as free. The plasma concentrations measured for conjugated formononetin, daidzein, genistein, or biochanin A were 1-55 jig per 100 mL. Concentrations for unconjugated forms were usually very small, less than 1 jig per 100 mL. 

In man,28 29 sheep, and cattle, the evidence now seems conclusive that copper is normally equally divided between cells and plasma. This is fortunate because it means that in these species values for whole blood or for serum or plasma can be directly compared— they should in fact be identical for any particular blood. This statement needs some qualification, because it is not yet known whether the copper concentrations in cells and plasma are equally influenced by those factors which affect the copper content of whole blood. There is already evidence, to be discussed later, that in human pregnancy the copper content of the red cells remains normal, whereas that of the serum rises markedly. It should be noted also that in birds there is a striking concentration of copper in the nucleated red blood cells. ... 

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