Artificial blood plasma

Everson J, Patterson CC. 1980. "Ultra-clean" isotope dilution/mass spectrometric analyses for lead in human blood plasma indicate that most reported values are artificially high. Clin Chem 26 1603-1607. 

Fluid bags and containers for blood, plasma, intravenous solutions, urine incontinence... Blood vessels for artificial kidneys, heart and lung bypass sets. .. 

Another field of application of fluorinated biomaterials is connected to lesions or evolving disease pathology of blood vessels. In particular, arteries may become unable to insure an adequate transport of the blood to organs and tissues. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and expanded e-PTFE are the preferred materials for vascular prostheses. The interactions of blood cells and blood plasma macromolecules with both natural and artificial vessel walls are discussed in terms of the mechanical properties of the vascular conduit, the morphology, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the blood contacting surface. 

Plasma volume expanders and artificial blood substitutes... 

Perhaps the most important medical use of dialysis is in artificial kidney machines, where hemodialysis is used to cleanse the blood of patients whose kidneys have malfunctioned. Blood is diverted from the body and pumped through a cellophane dialysis tube suspended in a solution formulated to contain many of the same components as blood plasma. These substances—glucose, NaCl, NaHC03, and KC1—have the same concentrations in the dialysis solution as they do in blood, so that they have no net passage through the cellophane membrane. 

PVPO is highly polar and water-soluble plastic. It finds applications in adhesives and as a water thickener. Water solutions can be used as blood plasma substitute or artificial blood. 

During a dialysis procedure, a patient was connected to the machine for 4 hours. The blood was pumped through the artificial kidney at the rate of 1200 mL/min. The partially cleansed blood was returned to the patient s body, and the wastes removed were collected in the used dialysis fluid. During the procedure, the patient s kidneys were completely inactive. A total of 1540 g of urine was collected with an urea concentration of 1.3% by weight. A sample of the blood plasma was analyzed before the dialysis and found to contain 155.3 mg/dLof urea. The specific gravity of the plasma was measured at 1.0245. Calculate ... 

Therapy involves artificial respiration using a compression chamber at about 2 atmospheres of oxygen, or a 95% 02/5% CO2 mixture, thus supplying more oxygen to compete for the hemoglobin and increase the solubility of oxygen in the blood plasma. 

Tubular blood-contacting polymeric materials were modified by plasma polymerization and evaluated in animals (baboons) with respect to th r c iadty to induce acute and chronic arterial thrombosis. Nine plasma polymers based on tetrafluoro-ethylene, hexafluoroethane, hexafluwoethane/H, and methane, when deposited on silicone rubber, consumed platetets at rates ranging from l.l-5.6x 10 platelets/on day. Since these values are close to the lower detection limit for this test system, tl plasma polymers were considered relatively nonthrombogenk. Thus, artificial blood tube made of polyesters, having the inner side coated with plasma-pcrfymerized tetra-fluoroethylene, is now commercially available. 

We disregard mainly the inexhaustible apphcability of polymers. Artificial blood, plastic blood , is under consideration in some French hospitals to compensate for the lack of plasma in stock. Self-healing polymers have also been created. 

Nonpolymeric perfluorochemicals (hydrocarbons, ethers, or amines in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by fluorine atoms) also have fascinating and useful properties. For example, perfluorochemicals such as perfluorotributylamine, (CF3CF2CF2CF2)3N, can dissolve as much as 60% oxygen by volume. By contrast, whole blood dissolves only about 20%, and blood plasma about 0.3%. Because of this property, these perfluorochemicals are important components of artificial blood. 

Patients given an artificial blood substitute w hich contained 2.7% poloxamer 188 as an emulsifier show ed signs of complement activation (Vercellotti, 1982). That their reaction w as due to the poloxamer component was confirmed by infusing poloxamer 188 alone into rabbits and producing similar symptoms. Incubation of human plasma wdth poloxamer 188 caused C3 conversion and decreased CH50, indicators of complement activation. However, the significance of this observation is in some doubt. Complement activation as determined from CH50 was not detected in vivo in the rat (Williams, 1988). Furthermore, poloxamer 188 has since been... 

Vcrcellotti, G.M., Hammerschmidt, D.E., Craddock, P.R. and Jacob, H.S. (1982) Activation of plasma complement by perfluorocarbon artificial blood probable mechanism of adverse pulmonarv reactions in treated patients and rationale for corticosteroid prophylaxis. Blood, 59(6), 1299-1304,... 

For biomedical applications, inhibition of protein adsorption, as well as platelet activation and adhesion on the polymer surface, is critical to the efficiency of the material. For example, use of PHAs as artificial blood contacting devices such as arteries and anticoagulant films was limited by surface-induced thrombosis. The adsorption of plasma proteins and adherence of activated platelets onto the polymer surface resulted in their transformation to pseudopods and subsequent release of platelet biochemical content, which in turn activated other platelets leading to the... 

Human serum albumin (HSA) (Figure 5.10, for an exemplary structure) is the most abundant protein in plasma, constituting 55-60% of total serum protein content with a molecular weight of 66500 Da [425]. Like most human proteins, albumin is synthesized in the liver and has a half-life of 19 days in the body. Albumin is one of the most important proteins in the transportation of therapeutic drugs, as well as metabolic substrates [426]. Albumin as such can be used in the treatment of shock, burns, traumas, hypoalbuminemia and haemodialysis as an artificial blood substitute. An alternative to HSA has been engineered, which is a recombinant albumin and presents all the special features of the blood-derived one, together with good tolerability [427]. 

Duggan, M.J., Williams, S., 1977. Lead in dust in city streets. Sci. Total Environ. 7, 91—97. Everson, J., Patterson, C.C., 1980. Ultra-clean isotope dilution/mass spectrometric analyses for lead in human blood plasma indicate that most reported values are artificially high. Clin. Chem. 26, 1603-1607. 

Using reversed-phase HPLC methods, it has been demonstrated that FAD in human plasma is hydrolyzed almost completely to FMN within 60 min at 37°C in the dark, whereas FMN is quite stable under the same conditions (84). Therefore, artificially enhanced FMN and reduced FAD have to be considered in attempts to quantitate fiavocoenzymes separately. To avoid this complication, methods have been developed that converted FAD completely into FMN. The flavocoen-zymes were thus analyzed as total FMN. In this way, Zempleni developed HPLC methods for the separate detection of flavins in blood and tissue (Table 5) (26,73-75). Blood plasma was deproteinized by addition of 20% trichloroacetic acid. After centrifugation, the supernatant was heated for 10 min in a water bath at 85°C. By this procedure, FAD is completely hydrolyzed to yield FMN. 

---