Endocrine-disrupting compounds

Human exposure to environmental contaminants has been investigated through the analysis of adipose tissue, breast milk, blood and the monitoring of faecal and urinary excretion levels. However, while levels of persistent contaminants in human milk, for example, are extensively monitored, very little is known about foetal exposure to xenobiotics because the concentrations of persistent compounds in blood and trans-placental transmission are less well studied. Also, more information is needed in general about the behaviour of endocrine disruptive compounds (and their metabolites) in vivo, for example the way they bind to blood plasma proteins. 

Hormones and other endocrine disrupting compounds Illicit drugs and their human metabolic byproducts Organometallics... 

Clara M, Strenn B, Cans O, Martinez E, Kreuzinger N, Kroiss H (2005) Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 39 4797 807... 

Immobilized enzymes, particularly LAC, have been employed in the degradation of triclosan. The immobilization of LAC from Coriolopsis polyzona through the formation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and their subsequent use in an FBR for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds [42] produced the complete removal of triclosan, nonylphenol, and bisphenol A (5 mg L-1 each) at a HRT of 150 min. The application of CLEAs in a perfusion basket reactor [43]... 

The efficiency of type II organoclays in taking up organic pollutants from water is also apparent from the data in Figs. 7 and 8 showing the removal of naphthalene and 17P-estradiol (an endocrine-disrupting compound) by octadecyltrimethylammonium-montmorillonite (Yuan 2004). 

R.T. Ghijsen and W. Hoogenboezem, Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in the Rhine and Meuse Basin Occurrence in Surface, Process and Drinking Water, RIWA, Amsterdam, 2000. 

Rahman ME, Yanful EK, Jasim SY (2009) Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment implications for the drinking water industry and global environmental health. J Water Health 7 224-243... 

Yoon Y, Westerhoff P, Snyder SA, Wert EC (2006) Nanofiltration and ultrafiltration of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. J Membr Sci... 

Kimura K, Toshima S, Amy G, Watanabe Y (2004) Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes. J Membr Sci 245 71... 

Benotti MJ, Trenhofrn RA, Vanderford BJ, Holady JC, Stanford BD, Snyder SA (2009) Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 43 597-603... 

Rudel RA, Dodson RE, Perivich LJ, Morrelo-Frosch R, Camann DE, Zuniga MM, Yau AY, Just AC, Brody JG (2010) Semivolatile endocrine disrupting compounds in paired indoor and outdoor air in two Northern California communities. Environ Sci Technol 44 6583-6590... 

Rudel RA, Camann DE, Spengler JD, Korn LR, Brody JG (2003) Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environ Sci Technol 37 4543 553... 

Kimura K., G. Amy, J.E. Drewes, T. Heberer, T-U. Kim, and Y. Watanabe (2003). Rejection of organic micro-pollutants (disinfection by-products, endocrine disrupting compounds, and pharmaceutically active compounds) by NF/RO membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 227 113-121. 

Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water. Environ. Sci. Technol.,... 

Phenolic compounds are used in commercial or consumer products or building materials (Rudel et al., 2001), especially ethoxylated alkylphenols of octylphenol and nonylphenol, which are widely used in surfactants (Ying, Williams and Kookana, 2002). They are known as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) as they bear hormonally active properties. Other EDCs found indoors include phthal-ates (Section 11.2.7), certain pesticides, organotin compounds (Section 11.2.5) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Section 11.2.8) (Rudel et al., 2001, 2003). 

Lee, D.S., Kim, R.H., 1999. Exposure route of endocrine disrupting compounds and estimation of alteration in Korean male s sperm quality (meta-analysis). Kyobo Foundation of Education Culture (in Korean). Seoul, Korea. 

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF), 2003. Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in marine ecosystem (2003). Research report, MOMAF, Seoul, Korea. 

Ratnaningsih, D., Helmy, M., Bagus, B.E., Nety, W., Heni, P., 2002. A survey on water pollution by endocrine disrupter compounds Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides,... 

Environmental research interests have recently extended from persistent hydrophobic organic chemicals to more hydrophilic organic compounds. The latter include some polar pesticides, many pharmaceuticals and personal care products, microbial toxins, and endocrine disrupting compounds.4 Polar organic compounds are often present at low concentrations in the aquatic environment, which poses a problem for most conventional sampling and analytical procedures. Recently, considerable effort has been directed toward the development of extraction methods suitable for the preconcentration of polar organic compounds commonly found in water bodies. Many of these methods use... 

Tan, B.L.L., D.W. Hawker, J.F. Muller, F.D.L. Leusch, L.A. Tremblay, and H.F. Chapman. 2007. Comprehensive study of endocrine disrupting compounds using grab and passive sampling at selected wastewater treatment plants in South East Queensland, Australia. Environ. Int. 33 654—669. 

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