Blood, Plasma and Serum

In a typical procedure the drag to be investigated is spiked to serum or plasma in a concentration of 25 pM and subsequently incubated at 37 °C over a time of up to several hours (typically 5 min to 1 h). After addition of acetonitrile, denatured proteins are removed and the supernatant is analyzed appropriately. 

In general, serum as well as plasma reflect the enzymatic status in blood in a similar manner. However, it 

Stability tests in plasma and serum are fixed part in the validation procedures of bioanalytical assays (FDA 2001). 

Besides modifications of time and concentrations incubations in serum or plasma appear to be rather simple and reliable in predicting the in vivo relevance of the in vitro data. 

MODIFICATIONS OF THE METHOD It can be appropriate to coincubate the compound of interest in the presence of inhibitors of serum esterases. Used is sodium fluoride, physostigmin or ecothiophate iodide (Chien 1990 Quon et al. 1993). In case of carboxy- or aminopeptidase cleavage of peptides specific peptidase inhibitors like amastatin, bestatin, phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride, 1,10-phenanthroline or ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) are useful (Lee 1995). 

---

Blood Plasma and Serum. The terms plasma and semm are frequendy confused. Plasma refers to the Hquid that suspends the red cells within the body. Semm is that Hquid, removed from the body, from which the coagulum has been removed semm contains no coagulation factors and is severely depleted of platelets. 

Applicators, mixers, loaders, and others who mix, spray, or apply pesticides to crops face potential dermal and/or inhalation exposure when handling bulk quantities of the formulated active ingredients. Although the exposure periods are short and occur only a few times annually, an estimate of this exposure can be obtained by quantifying the excreted polar urinary metabolites. Atrazine is the most studied triazine for potential human exposure purposes, and, therefore, most of the reported methods address the determination of atrazine or atrazine and its metabolites in urine. To a lesser extent, methods are also reported for the analysis of atrazine in blood plasma and serum. 

The stability of the oligopeptide side-chains in blood plasma and serum was determined [251]. Based on these results it was possible to control the degradability of HPMA copolymers by a particular enzyme as well as in the in vivo system [169, 252]. 

The liquid media that are most germane to studies on interactions between cells and/or biopolymers are blood plasma and serum. A closer investigation into the surface tensions of blood plasma and serum thus seems essential. As early as 1913 the surface tension of human blood serum at 37°C was reported as 45.4 dyn/cm (measured by the falling-drop method) (8). More recently, Lewin (using platinum ring torsiome-try) found values of 47.8 and 50.5 dyn/cm at 37°C and 20°C re-... 

Gardiner PE, Stoeppler M. 1987. Optimisation of the analytical conditions for the determination of aluminum in human blood plasma and serum by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Part 2. Assessment of the analytical method. J Anal Atom Spectrom 2 401-404. 

Exopolyphosphatase activity is also present in human osteoblasts (Leyhausen et al, 1998). The specific activity of the enzyme in osteoblasts was much higher than those in other mammalian cells and tissues tested (Schroder et al, 2000) (Table 6.7.). More than 50 % of the exopolyphosphatase activity in osteoblast cells was membrane-bound . Exopolyphosphatase activity has also been found extracellularly, e.g. in synovial fluid (Schoder et al, 1999), as well as in human blood plasma and serum (Schroder et al, 1999, 2000) (Table 6.7). 

In this review, plant material and numerous biological fluids, mainly blood plasma and serum, urine, and saliva, as well as some alternative matrices such as bile, amniotic fluid, cord blood, meconium, and maternal hair among others will be... 

The presence of organic fluorine in humans was first reported by Taves in 1968, although analytical methodologies were not adequate at the time for identification of specific PFCs [123]. In the past several years, primarily due to advances in analytical chemistry techniques, PFS As and PFCAs have been measured globally in human whole blood, plasma and serum [105,108,129-133]. Concentrations of PFS As and PFCAs in human populations in North America and worldwide have been reviewed by Lau et al. [23]. 

R134 Bais, R., Badenoch, J., Bayer, P.M., Foo, Y., Keller, H., Koller, P.U., Lein-berger, R., Weidemann, G. and Rosalki, S.B. (1989). a-Amylase determination with the Reflotron reagent carrier system Use of whole blood, plasma, and serum, and effect of isoenzymes. Clin. Chem. 35, 317-320. 

ISEs. for Whole Blood, Plasma, and Serum Measurements... 

Harrison I, Littlejolm D, Fell GS. Distribution of selenium in human blood plasma and serum. Analyst 1996 121 189-94. 

Altura BT, DelFOrfano K, Yeh Q. A new ion selective electrode for ionized magnesium in whole blood, plasma and serum. Chn Chem 1991 37 948 (abstract). 

Somer, T., The viscosity of blood, plasma and serum in dys- and para-protein-emias. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 456, 1-97 (1966). 

Cornells R, VersieckJ. 1981. Vanadium in blood plasma and serum. Lancet 2 1179. 

H5. Harkness, J., and Whittington, R. B., A hypothesis of equilibration between the proteins of human blood plasma and serum and some consequences of this hypothesis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1, 153-177 (1947). 

R32. Rutstein, D. D., Ingenito, E. F., Reynold, W. E., and Bmke, I. M., The determination of albumin in human blood plasma and serum. A method based on the interaction of albumin with an anionic dye—2-(4 -hydroxy-benzeneazo)benzoic acid. J. Clin. Invest. 33, 211-221 (1954). 

McLaughlin K, Dadgar D, Smyth MR, et al. 1990. Determination of selenium in blood plasma and serum by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst 115(3) 275-278. 

Jong MD, Weel JFL, Schuurman T, Quantitation of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in whole blood, plasma, and serum by PCR and electrochemiluminescence. J Clin Microbiol 2000 38 2568-73. 

Krebs, H.A. (1950) Chemical composition of blood plasma and serum. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 19, 409 -430. 

Alfthan, G. and Kumpulainen, J. (1982). Determination of selenium in small volumes of blood plasma and serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 140, 221. 

Schneider P, Hampel H, Buetger K (2009) Biological marker candidates of Alzheimer s disease in blood, plasma, and serum. CNS Neurosci Ther 15 358-374 Simopoulos AP (2002) The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty adds. Biomed Pharmacother 56 365-379... 

Blood, plasma, and serum Sample in sealed vial subjected to static head-space analysis GC/ECD 100 ppb NR Ramsey and Flanagan 1982... 

Freeze drying is the best method for drying highly heat-sensitive or easy oxidizable materials. However, its selection must be governed by economic considerations. Early applications of this method were the drying of blood plasma and serum during World War II. 

The ability to determine quantitatively certain ionic analytes in blood, plasma, and serum samples can be of substantial benefit to those attempting the diagnosis of certain diseases, particularly where concentrations of these analytes are known to be directly related to specific physiological disorders. 

---