Blood plasma serum

Separation media, with bimodal chemistry, are generally designed for the complete separation of complex samples, such as blood plasma serum, that typically contain molecules differing in properties such as size, charge, and polarity. The major principle of bifunctional separation relies on the pore size and functional difference in the media. For example, a polymer bead with hydrophilic large pores and hydrophobic small pores will not interact with and retain large molecules such as proteins, but will interact with and retain small molecules such as drugs and metabolites. 

AUC area under the blood/plasma/serum concentration-time... 

The progress made in interfacingHPLC instruments with mass spectrometry has been a significant development for laboratory analyses in the pharmaceutical industry. The low concentrations of test drugs in extracts of blood, plasmas, serums, and urine are no problem for this highly sensitive HPLC detector. In addition, the analysis is extremely fast. Lots of samples with very low concentrations of the test drugs can thus be analyzed in a very short time. At the MDS Pharma Services facility in Lincoln, Nebraska, for example, a very busy pharmaceutical laboratory houses over 20 LC-MS units, and they are all in heavy use daily. 

Abraham, M.H., Ibrahim, A., Zhao, Y., Acree, W.E. A data base for partition of volatile organic compounds and drugs from blood/plasma/serum to brain, and an LFER analysis of the data. J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 95, 2091-100. 

Dams et al. [18] developed a validated quantitative LC-APCI-MS-MS method for simultaneous determination of multiple illicit drugs and their metabolites in oral fluid. This substrate is being increasingly popular for forensic applications as it provides information on recent use, similarly to blood plasma/serum, although it can be obtained with a simple, noninvasive, collection. Sample pretreatment, though limited to protein precipitation with acetonitrile, was sufficient to avoid matrix effect (see Figure 20.2). 

In most instances the specimens will be self-evident (e.g., samples of blood, plasma, serum, urine, spinal fluid, aqueous humor, organs, tissues, and tissue fractions that are taken from a test system with the intention of performing an examination or analysis). In other instances the definition may not be as clear. For example, the assay plates used in the mammalian cell transformation assay and the mammalian point mutation assay are considered specimens even though they bear many of the attributes of a test system. For these assays, the originally plated cells plus media and excipients are the test system. After treatment with the test or... 

The great majority of the available work has focused on blood/plasma/serum applications. In recent years the interaction of tear components with contact lenses have become very important. 

From the medical point of view, in contrast to the analytical which refers to the mechanism of sensor signal formation, a direct measurement is defined as a measurement carried out directly in undiluted sample (whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, etc.), whereas indirect measurement employ sample dilution. For an analytical chemist, a direct measurement is more challenging because of small sample volume, interferences and matrix effects, diffusion potential and carry-over effects, and the influence on the sensor lifetime due to high extracta-bility of active components by undiluted samples such as serum or urine. However, this measurement method has one important advantage it allows the measurement of the activity of analytes as-they-are . For... 

Typically, a PK study is composed of three phases, namely the in-life phase, bioanalysis, and data analysis. The in-life phase includes administering the compound to animals or humans and collecting samples from an appropriate matrix of interest such as blood or urine at predetermined time intervals for bioanalysis. The bioanalytical phase involves analysis of a drug and/or its metabohte(s) concentration in blood, plasma, serum, or urine. This analysis typically involves sample extraction and detection of analytes via LC-MS/MS. The third phase is data analysis using noncompartmental or compartmental PK computational methods. 

The common biological matrixes for bioanalysis are various tissues, body fluid, whole blood, plasma, serum, and urine. More recently, dried-blood spot sample as alternative matrix has gained popularity in the industry [8], Prior to LC-MS/MS... 

Blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) and, with some limits, OFs give detailed information about what is occuring at the time of testing hair analysis demonstrates the history of abuse, that could backdate several months. 

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Radioimmunoassay. In blood, plasma, serum, or urine A -THC and metabolites, sensitivity 6.5 ng/ml for plasma and 3.3 ng/ml for urine—B. Law et al, J. analyt. Toxicol, 1984,8, 19-22. 

Blood, plasma, serum or saliva are rarely determined directly by HPLC. Proteins and fats present in such samples are known to have a deleterious effect on HPLC columns. The minimum pretreatment for... 

In most applications, the bioanalysis involves the analysis of a number of dmgs, or one dmg and (some of) its metabolites in biological fluids, especially whole blood, plasma, serum, or urine. However, other matrices are studied as well various tissues (skin, liver, brain, thyroid gland), faeces, hair, tear fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, semen. In most studies, the analysis of samples from human origin or from rats is performed, although the analysis of samples from rabbits, mice, minipigs, dogs, and monkeys is also performed. 

Albumin human (USP 28) Albumin human is a sterile non-pyrogenic preparation of serum albumin that is obtained by fractionating material (source blood, plasma, serum, or placentas) from healthy human donors. The source material is tested for the absence of hepatitis B surface antigen. It is made by a process that yields a product safe for intravenous... 

Altura BT, Shirey TL, Young CC. Characterization of a new ion selective electrode for ionized magnesium in whole blood, plasma, serum and aqueous samples. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994 54(Suppl. 217) 21-36. 

All analytical test methods used to determine the active compound and/ or its biotransformation product in the biological fluid must be well-characterized, fully validated and documented. The objective of the validation is to demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analytes in a given biological matrix, such as blood, plasma, serum or urine, is reliable and reproducible for the intended use. 

If not already available, a bioanalytical chemistry method needs to be defined and characterized for the quantification of the lead in physiological fluids. This assay can then support experiments in some of the other scientific disciplines involved in assessing the developability of the lead and, after appropriate validation, the preclinical, nonclinical, and clinical development of a selected drug candidate. For preliminary studies, a bioanalytical chemistry method should be characterized to demonstrate the range of reliable results, the lower and upper limits of quantification, specificity, accuracy, and precision. In addition, evaluations on the matrix to be used (blood, plasma, serum) should be conducted and the stability of the lead in each matrix should be determined. 

Whole blood, plasma, serum, proteins, and cells... 

FLU Animal and human fluids, fluid clinical specimens, blood, plasma, serum, urine, milk, lymph, sweat, saliva, other body fluids, blood cells. 

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