Animal testing rabbits

Species origin tests, used to determine whether the specimen is human or from another source, are immunological in nature. Host animals, usually rabbits, are injected with protein from another species. The animal creates antibodies to the unknown material. Semm from the host animal, containing species (human, bovine, equine, canine, etc) specific antibodies, is tested against a dilute solution of blood (antigens) collected as evidence. A positive reaction is determined by a visible band where the antibodies and antigens come into contact. 

Poisonous LDS0 (lethal dose to 50% of the animals tested) lUy (intravenous) in rabbits 8mg/kg... 

In a broad evaluation also the sulfosuccinate disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DLSS) was a part of a variety of surfactants tested for their dermatological mildness, and some different test methods were applied [16]. Products were compared applying in vitro methods (Zein test, hemolysis) and in vivo methods (Duhring-Chamber test, skin mildness by intracutaneous test on mice and topical application on hairless mice, mucous membrane irritation according to the Draize procedure on rabbit eyes). In the Duhring-Chamber test the DLSS elicited no reactions in the animal tests it ranged in the least irritant third of the 15 products tested. 

To determine the toxicity of parathion to warmblooded animals, tests were made with mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs. Greatest hazards are associated with insecticidal use, but symptoms of toxicity may be detected well in advance of severe toxic actions. 

Rylander, L.A., Gandolfi, A.J. and Brendel, K. (1985). Inhibition of organic acid/base transport in isolated rabbit renal tubules by nephrotoxins. In In Vitro Toxicology. A progress report from Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. Vol. 3 (Goldberg, A.M., Ed.). Mary Ann Liebert, New York, pp. 235-247. 

Two rabbits which survived 118 periods of exposure to 0.36 ppm (15 mg/m3) of endrin vapors developed a granulomatous pneumonitis (Treon et al. 1955). The pneumonitis was not observed in cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, or mice, but the small number of animals tested limits the usefulness of this study. 

Before a drug may be tested on humans, it must first be tested on animals. Tests on humans are called clinical trials, and animal trials are often referred to as preclinical trials. Preclinical trials differ from the animal tests mentioned earlier in this chapter. The previously discussed animal tests help the drug discovery team determine and optimize the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic behavior of a hit or lead. Preclinical trials, in contrast, are standardized, industrywide tests. The preclinical tests have technical names such as Segment II Reproductive Study in Rabbits or 6-Month Toxicity Study in Rats. The specific names suggest the exact nature of each study. Each trial seeks to answer predefined safety questions concerning a drug candidate. Preclinical trials do not address the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug candidate in any way. Preclinical trials examine exclusively safety issues. 

In spite of these investigations, many reports in the literature demonstrate that these nanoapatite ceramics are not always osteoinductive and, furthermore, do not possess mechanical properties similar enough to bone for sustained osseointegration (Muller-Mai el al., 1995 Doremus, 1992 Du et al., 1999 Weng et al., 1997), criteria necessary for increased orthopedic and dental implant efficacy. Moreover, mechanisms of osteoinduction of calcium phosphate ceramics are not clear and seem to depend on specific nanoapatite material properties (such as surface properties and crystallinity) and the animal tested (i.e., dog versus rabbit). Undoubtedly, the incidental cases of calcium phosphate biomaterial-induced osteogenesis indicate promise in... 

This test uses the eyes of a live animal, preferentially rabbits, to obtain information of the possible ocular toxicity of various chemicals. This test is most closely related to the human situation where these chemicals will later be used as ocular drugs or cosmetics or where the human eye might be exposed accidentally to these substances. This is a classical test developed about 60 years ago (Draize et al. 1944). 

Whether a particular in vivo animal test is sufficient to establish usefulness of an invention in humans depends on determination of what is a standard test animal. In the Hartop case (8), the inventors, to demonstrate safety of a thiobarbiturate anesthetic composition, submitted rabbit test results coupled with evidence that rabbits were standard tests animals for this area. The court held the specification indicated that although human therapy was contemplated the rabbit tests were sufficient to prove usefulness of the composition for the inventors purpose. Tests under actual conditions of contemplated use—that is, in humans—were not required because one skilled in the art would accept the tests as indicating it to be reasonably certain that the invention would have the utility alleged. 

In the absence of any other relevant information, it is essential to obtain this via an internationally recognized corrosion/irritation test before proceeding to a rabbit eye irritation test. This must be conducted in a staged manner. If possible, this should be achieved using a validated, accepted in vitro skin corrosivity assay. If this is not available, then the assessment should be completed using animal tests (see the skin irritation/ corrosion strategy, section 3.2.2). 

The results of animal tests using rats, rabbits, and dogs have demonstrated high biocompatibility and high osteoconductivity. Moreover, the most impressive bone tissue reaction of the HAp/Col composites is incorporation of the composites into the bone-remodeling process, that is, they are resorbed by osteoclastic cells. ... 

Acute animal tests in rats, mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs have demonstrated acrylonitrile to have high acute toxicity from inhalation and high to extreme acute toxicity from oral or dermal exposure. No information is available on the reproductive or developmental effects of acrylonitrile in humans. 

The acute lethality of methanol is low based on animal testing via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure. The acute oral lethal dose (LD) observed in rats, rabbits, and monkeys range from 7mgkg (monkey) to 14.4 mg kg (rabbits). Acute dermal LD in rabbits have been reported as 20 mg kg and inhalation lethal concentrations ranged from 31 000 ppm (18 h exposure, rats) to 72 000 ppm (54 h exposure, mice). 

Acute animal tests in rats have demonstrated phosphine to have extreme acute toxicity via inhalation. Signs include early hypoactivity followed by restlessness, escape behaviors, ataxia, convulsions, and death within 30 min with high concentrations. Concentration-time studies demonstrated evidence of Haber s law, that is, within certain limits, the product of concentration and time of exposure to elicit lethality was remarkably constant. The lowest lethal concentration in rats was 7.5 mg m. The acute oral LD50 for metallic salts (e.g., aluminum phosphide) is typically quite low ( 10 mg kg In rabbits acutely exposed to high levels of phosphine via inhalation, dyspnea, paralysis, convulsions, hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity, and damage to the spleen were reported. 

The dermal LD50 in the rabbit is 3160 mg kg while the inhalation LD50 in the rat is 400 mg 1. Eye injury, including corneal opacity, necrotic keratitis, and conjunctivitis, occurred in rats acutely exposed to titanium tetrachloride vapors. Acute animal tests in rats and mice have demonstrated titanium tetrachloride to have high to extreme acute toxicity via inhalation. 

---