Toxicity test designs control animals

Experimental design (human study details or strain, number of animals per exposure/control group, sex, dose administration details) The purpose of this study was to determine the 13-week oral toxicity profile of diazinon in male and female beagle dogs. Diazinon was added to standard canine ration at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 150, and 300 ppm. The test substance was the MG-8 formulation of diazinon (87.7% pure) mixed with feed and adjusted for purity. The concentrations of diazinon in the feed were determined during weeks 1, 3, 5, 9, and 13. Each dog was supplied with approximately 400 g of food daily. The corresponding doses, in mg/kg, were calculated by the authors to be 0.0034, 0.02, 5.9, and... 

Whether an element is present naturally in the soil or has been introduced by pollution, a measure more useful than total elemental content for most purposes is an estimation of availability or lability of the element, since it is this property that can be related to mobility and uptake by plants and extractability by chemical treatments. Chemical soil tests are designed to extract a quantity of the element from the soil solids that correlates statistically to the size of the available pool in the soil, defined by the quantity of element taken up by plants. Thus, soil tests are empirical, giving little insight into the chemical mechanisms in the soil that control availability. They estimate the potential for toxicity (or deficiency) to plants and animals. However, the extractability of different elements depends on their properties, such as their tendency to ... 

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