Animal carcinogenicity test

In the absence of adequate human data, animal carcinogenicity tests may be used to differentiate... 

Chronic-Duration Exposure and Cancer. No information was located regarding health effects in humans following chronic-duration exposure to chlorine dioxide or chlorite however, information is available from animal studies (Haag 1949 Kurokawa et al. 1986). Results of animal carcinogenicity testing are available for oral (Kurokawa et al. 1986 Miller et al. 1986) and dermal exposure (Kurokawa et al. 1984). These results generally do not indicate a carcinogenic effect, with the exception of a report of... 

Marx, Jean. 1990. Animal Carcinogen Testing Challenged. Science 250 (November 9) 743-45. 

Marx J. 1990. Animal carcinogen testing challenged. Science 250 743-745. 

Minutes, EMS Council Meeting (October 17,1972), EMS, Mailing Papers. The Delaney Clause, passed in 1958 as part of an amendment to the Food and Drug Act, banned food additives that tested positive in human or animal carcinogenicity tests. Chu to de Serres (October 24,1975), RRS, MS 1261, Box 1, Folder 18. 

Safety is assessed by subjecting the antioxidant to a series of animal toxicity tests, eg, oral, inhalation, eye, and skin tests. Mutagenicity tests are also carried out to determine possible or potential carcinogenicity. Stabilizers are being granulated and Hquid products are receiving greater acceptance to minimize the inhalation of dust and to improve flow characteristics. 

McCann, J. Ames, B. "The Salmonella/Microsome Mutagenicity Test Predictive Value for Animal Carcinogenicity " in "Origins of Human Cancer " Hiatt, H. H., Watson, J. D., Winsten, J. A., Eds., Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Cold Springs Harbor, New York, 1977, pp. 1431-50. 

In the case of a substance like Tris, or the food additive AF-2, the combination of an extremely widespread human exposure to the chemical and a positive result in a number of short-term tests should have been sufficient evidence to stop its use, considering that alternatives were available. Yet Tris and AF-2 were not removed from the market until the results from animal cancer tests indicated that they were carcinogens. It is becoming apparent that a positive result in many of these short-term test systems is meaningful, and that the systems may not only be a complement to animal cancer testing but may also provide much additional toxicological information as well. We... 

McCann, J. and Ames, B. N., The Salmonella/Microsome Mutagenicity Test Predictive Value for Animal Carcinogenicity, (p. 1431 in ref. 1)... 

Gulezian, D., D. Jacobson-Rram, C.B. McCullough, et al. 2000. Use of transgenic animals for carcinogenicity testing Considerations and implications for risk assessment. Toxicol. Pathol. 28 482 99. 

P>[a P has been carcinogenic in all animal species tested to date, including mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, guinea pig, duck, newt, dog, monkey, and fish. Intratracheal instillation and inhalation studies in a number of species have resulted in elevated incidences of respiratory tract and upper digestive tract tumors, and intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections... 

Because of the correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, one would expect sulfur mustard to be carcinogenic on the basis of mutagenicity data alone. This expectation is borne out by carcinogenicity tests in experimental animals and by data from human exposures. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies sulfur mustard as one of relatively few chemical agents on which the data are adequate to show an association with the induction of cancer in humans.7... 

Several studies using smaller numbers of animals have also been reported, some of which were not designed for carcinogenicity testing. These studies are reviewed below. 

About 50 percent of chemicals, both natural and synthetic, that have been tested in standard, high-dose, animal cancer tests are rodent carcinogens (Table l).2 What explains the high per-... 

See L. S. Gold, T. H. Slone, and B. N. Ames, What Do Animal Cancer Tests Tell Us About Human Cancer Risk Overview of Analyses of the Carcinogenic Potency Database, DrugMetab. Rev. 50 (1998) 559-404. 

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