Nonhuman animal testing

For the safe evaluation of chemicals and drugs, several animal species are used (e.g., mice, rats, cats, dogs, nonhuman primates). Test chemical(s) are administered through different routes such as oral, dermal, intravenous, intraperitoneal,... 

Restriction of experimental toxicant testing to nonhuman animals Models of appropriate developmental stage and age can be tested Genetic polymorphisms... 

For the generation of drug safety data, different animal species are used (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, nonhuman primate). In general, the following tests are undertaken ... 

Preclinical studies Studies that test a drug on animals and other nonhuman test systems. They must comply with the FDA s good laboratory practices. Data about a drug s activities and effects in animals help to establish boundaries for... 

Animal tissues are collected at necropsy of humanely euthanized, purpose-bred laboratory animals immediately following death. Some nonhuman primates used for tissue acquisition may be wild caught. The animals used are preferably matched as closely as possible to that of the strain or origin of the animals to be used for preclinical toxicity testing. 

Among the most highly selective cytokine biopharmaceuticals are the interferons. Interferons are members of a large family of related proteins that may be divided into two categories type I and type II interferons. Type I interferons (i.e., a- and P-interferon) possess antiviral and anti-proliferative properties, whereas type II interferons (i.e., y-interferon) have immunostimulatory activity. Several animal species were examined for their responsiveness to interferons, and with the exception of nonhuman primates, all tested animal species were found to be unresponsive [15]. 

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