Adverse soil conditions

The effectiveness of all these measures, with the exception of lucerne cultivation, has not been proven. They are often impaired by climatic and geographical constraints and by adverse soil conditions, which, for example, preclude lucerne growth in many places. As stand-alone measures, such slight modifications of conventional growing practices are certainly not sufficient to control salinity. 

Adverse soil conditions - Radar waves will not effectively penetrate damp, low-resistance clay or other conductive material. 

Nevertheless there are limits to adaptation. Over the Canadian Prairies, and in Soviet Asia, for example, a northward migration of spring wheat cultivation may be difficult or impossible, because of adverse soil conditions. In fact there will everywhere be a protracted delay in bringing climate, soil and vegetation into a new equilibrium. The resulting misfit may have adverse economic consequences in many places. 

Moderately tolerant (ESP = 20-40) Clover Oats Tall fescue Rice Dallisgrass Stunted growth due to both nutritional factors and adverse soil conditions... 

The milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) is a tall plant containing a milky juice in all its parts, native to eastern parts of North America, and naturalized in various parts of Europe. It is a perennial plant that can adapt to adverse soil conditions (e.g., dry and... 

Some cropping systems are much more prone to water erosion than others. The most susceptible land use is when crops are harvested in the auturrm under adverse soil conditions which can happen with forage maize and field vegetables. Long term leys and permanent pasture usually pose little risk. Soils with a good crop cover are much less susceptible than where there are fine seedbeds and or bare ground. 

This risk allocation shows the responsibility of the Client to provide accurate soil information to enable Contractors to define their work method and to make their cost assessment. Failing this, adverse soil conditions may be encountered which could have a consequence for the work method such as deployment of additional equipment, change of equipment and extension of the construction period. This may have huge cost consequences leading to claims and even to arbitration. 

Many factors affect the mechanisms and kinetics of sorption and transport processes. For instance, differences in the chemical stmcture and properties, ie, ionizahility, solubiUty in water, vapor pressure, and polarity, between pesticides affect their behavior in the environment through effects on sorption and transport processes. Differences in soil properties, ie, pH and percentage of organic carbon and clay contents, and soil conditions, ie, moisture content and landscape position climatic conditions, ie, temperature, precipitation, and radiation and cultural practices, ie, crop and tillage, can all modify the behavior of the pesticide in soils. Persistence of a pesticide in soil is a consequence of a complex interaction of processes. Because the persistence of a pesticide can govern its availabiUty and efficacy for pest control, as weU as its potential for adverse environmental impacts, knowledge of the basic processes is necessary if the benefits of the pesticide ate to be maximized. 

Injury to plants and vegetation is caused by a variety of factors, of which air pollution is only one. Drought, too much water, heat and cold, hail, insects, animals, disease, and poor soil conditions are some of the other causes of plant injury and possible plant damage (3). Estimates suggest that less than 5% of total crop losses are related to air pollution. Air pollution has a much greater impact on some geographic areas and crops than others. Crop failure can be caused by fumigation from a local air pollution source or by more widespread and more frequent exposure to adverse levels of pollution. 

Field beans grow well on clay soils and heavy loams, provided they are well-drained and limed (pH above 6). Winter beans are not frost hardy and so are risky to grow, north of the Midlands. In some rotations, beans replace the clover break and they are usually followed by wheat. Yields for spring and winter field beans are shown in Table 5.4. The problem with field beans is their variable yield, which is partly caused by adverse weather conditions and susceptibility to pests and diseases (winter beans get chocolate spot, spring beans are aphid prone), and partly due to the uncertain activity of the necessary insect crosspollinators. 

In addition to borax, which can be applied directly as a fertilizer, special borate products are manufactured for fertilizer use. These include granulated beads for blending with other common fertilizer products and soluble borates for application as liquid foliar sprays. Boron fertilizers are typically applied at a rate equivalent to about one to two pounds elemental boron per acre, depending on the specific crop and soil conditions. As with most fertilizers, excessive application can have adverse results. Borate fertilizers are phyotoxic at high levels and are sometimes used as non-selective herbicides. 

Genetically engineered food crops have been developed to resist pests and disease and to tolerate chemical herbicides exhibit improved fond processing iraits exhibit improved nutritional content resist adverse soil and weather conditions and to exhibit improved fruit rijiening or softening, texture, or flavor. 

Inhalation exposure to high concentrations of benzene in the occupational setting may lead to death from pancytopenia and leukemia. However, environmental exposure to benzene in the air, drinking water, soil, or food is unlikely to be fatal. People living near hazardous waste sites who are chronically exposed to contaminated air, water, or soil may be at a higher risk of death due to adverse health conditions, including leukemia and other types of cancer. 

Peanuts. When the kernels are fully developed and taking on a mature color, the plants are dug mechanically, shaken to remove the soil, and inverted into windrows to dry (cure) and mature completely. Ideally, the peanuts are left to cure for several days until the moisture content drops to ca 10%. They are harvested mechanically. Green harvesting is practiced under adverse weather conditions, yielding peanuts with 18—25% moisture artificial drying reduces the moisture to ca 10%. After the moisture is equilibrated between the kernels and hulls, the former contain 7—8% moisture, which is safe for storage. 

Eckhard G., Horst WJ., Neumann E. Adaptation of plants to adverse chemical soil conditions. In Marschner P. (ed.) Marschner s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (Third Edition) 2012, p. 409-472. 

Once released in the environment by means of human faeces or animal dejection, enterococci are able to colonise different ecological niches because of then-resistance to adverse environmental conditions. Enterococci are widely spread in nature, in soil, food, on plant and vegetables and surface water. They are used as indicators of faecal pollution in environmental waters (Godfree et al. 1997). 

Tolerant (ESP = 40-60) Wheat Cotton Alfalfa Barley Tomatoes Beets Stunted growth usually due to adverse physical conditions of soil... 

Silicon is the second most abundant element in soils, and is the mineral substrate for most of the world s plant life. The soil water or the soil solution contains silicon, mainly as silicic acid [H4Si04] at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 mM. This dissolved silica derives principally from the decomposition of aluminosilicate minerals, such as feldspars. Silicon is readily absorbed so that terrestrial plants contain appreciable amounts of the element, ranging from a fraction of 1% of the dry matter to several percent, and in some plants to 10% or even higher. The form in which silicon is ultimately deposited is mainly amorphous SiOj nHjO or opal . Once deposited in this form, silicon is immobile and not redistributed (Epstein 1994). Ample evidence is presented that, in plants, silicon seems to play a role in growth, mineral nutrition, mechanical strength, resistance to fungal diseases, and reaction to adverse chemical conditions. 

In addition to direct toxic effects of substances, whether to hnmans or more generally in the environment, other environmental effects may also need to be taken into account. Natural gas, for example, is toxic only to the extent that it carries traces of substances such as the carcinogen benzene. However, if released nnderground, it can lead to the displacement of oxygen, with adverse effects on roots and soil microorganisms. Accompanying changes in soil conditions such as pH and redox potentials can also lead to the mobilization of heavy metals. 

XPS is one of the most widely used non-in-situ surface-sensitive techniques. It has been used to study sorption mechanisms of inorganic cations and anions such as Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Cr, Fe, selenite, and uranyl in soil and aquatic systems (19-28). The disadvantage of invasive non-in-situ techniques is that they often must be performed under adverse experimental conditions, e.g., desiccation, high vacuum, heating, or particle bombardment. Such conditions may yield data that are misleading as a result of experimental artifacts (2,29,30). Review articles on XPS, AES, and SIMS are available (29,31,32). 

Fair soil material is described as soil that retains a moderate degree of hardness under adverse moisture conditions. Such soils may be loams, silty sands and sand-gravels containing moderate amount of clay and fine silt. The typical strength values considered are as follows Mr = 80 MPa, CBR = 8 or R value = 20. 

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