Spring beans

Field beans grow well on clay soils and heavy loams, provided they are well-drained and limed (pH above 6). Winter beans are not frost hardy and so are risky to grow, north of the Midlands. In some rotations, beans replace the clover break and they are usually followed by wheat. Yields for spring and winter field beans are shown in Table 5.4. The problem with field beans is their variable yield, which is partly caused by adverse weather conditions and susceptibility to pests and diseases (winter beans get chocolate spot, spring beans are aphid prone), and partly due to the uncertain activity of the necessary insect crosspollinators. 

Soil-borne. The strain that attacks spring beans also attacks peas, red clover and oilseed rape. The sclerotia or resting bodies can persist in the soil for 8 years. 

Can be spread on seed, trash or volunteers. More of a problem on spring beans and on potassium deficient soils. Disease encouraged by warm temperatures and high humidity. 

Seed- and soil-bome. Spring beans most affected. Disease encouraged by cool, wet weather. 

Mainly a pest of spring beans. It also attacks sugar beet and mangels. Populations of aphids and amount of colonisation and predation by beneficial insects vary each year. Warning systems are available. The threshold for treatment is 5% of plants infected in headland on windward side of field pre-floweiing to 2.5% infected across field and colonies spreading onto pods. 

Spring beans and peas. The requirements will generally be similar to the cereal crop, although the tilth need not be so fine. Peas grown on light soils may be drilled into the ploughed surface if the ploughing has been well done. 

Winter field beans do well on the heavier soils provided they have a good stracture and are well drained In the north of the coimtry there is an increased risk of frost damage and later harvest. Spring beans are more siritable on mediitm soils but may then suffer from drought. 

Field beans are a good break from cereals and are often followed by winter wheat which benefits from the residital nitrogen. To reduce the risk of bitilding up persistent soil-borne diseases such as footrots, field beans and related crops should not be grown within five years of themselves or each other. For spring beans, in addition, stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) may be a problem... 

The usual range for winter beans is 160-200 kg/ha and 160-250 kg/ha for spring beans. A number of factors will affect the number of seed sown and therefore the seed rate ... 

Plant population. Winter beans require an established plant population of 18-20 plants/m post-winter and the chosen seed rate should allow for 20-25% field loss. For spring beans the requited population is about 40 plants/m with a field loss of 0-5%. Dense populations tend to increase disease problems whereas thin crops are less competitive to weeds. In some areas rooks may reduce plant populations. 

Plot 4 The onions, garlic, and fava beans planted the year before (see Plot 1). Grow salads over winter. Add leaf mold in spring. 

What to do Space plants out well. Grow in well-drained soil. Avoid fall sowing if this disease is a regular problem. Spring-sown beans are more likely to recover than plants infected later in the season. Improve potassium levels if low. 

Hay has been analysed by NIR for crude protein, acid detergent fibre, dry matter, lignin and IVDMD, rapeseed for oil and water and spring field beans for N to name but a few applications. Most macroinorganic constituents of peaty soil can be determined, and moulds have been measured in hay, tall fescue and barley (Malley and Nilsson, 1995). A short bibliography is given below. 

Life Cycle Adults overwinter in leaf litter in nearby fields in spring, females lay eggs on beans. Eggs hatch in 5-14 days. 

Time garden tasks. Optimizing growing conditions for a plant is not only a question of what to do, but of when to do it. Corn or bean seeds planted before the soil has warmed sufficiently do not germinate rapidly and are susceptible to damping-off. Tomatoes set out too early in the spring may succumb to frost or show phosphorus deficiency until their roots become active. 

Cold, or in some cases cool temperatures, also damages herbaceous plants. If you plant com or beans too early, these heat-loving plants suffer during extended cool weather, even though the temperature never dips below freezing. Sub-freezing weather in the spring... 

In Indiana dill is sown, early in spring, directly in the field with a beet or bean drill, in rows about 22 inches apart. The crop is ready to harvest in 90 to 105 days. It is harvested with a grain binder, usually about the middle of July, when the earliest seed has ripened. The herb is allowed to cure in the field for a day or two and then distilled with the equipment used in distilling mint. It takes from 2-1/2 to 3 hours to exhaust the charge. The yield ranges from 1 5 to 50 pounds an acre. Al times a second crop is obtained the same year, but the yield is small and usually unprofitable. There are several varieties of dill, some of which are not suitable for the purpose because they yield less oil or oil of poor quality. 

Mississippi s beaches are well known in New Orleans as a breezy escape from the bayou s sultry weather. In Biloxi, stop at Five Springs (601 Washington Ave., B 228-875-8882) for bulk grains and beans, macrobiotic foods, and items for your cooler. The town of Pass Christian is home to Morning Market (101 E. Market St., b 228-452-7593), a good spot for farmer-direct produce. 

MF Bean, ME Hemling, KK Sonenson, SA Carr. Automated analysis and data processing for combinatorial chemistry. Proceedings of the 45th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Palm Springs, CA, 1997, p. 1254. 

This wild flower gives showy, bright yellow blooms in late spring. These are often found in large patches, together they present a blaze of yellow on the prairie. Its common name. Golden Bean, is drawn from the dangerous plant s distinctive yellow seed pods. 

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