Aquatic system

HHCB and AHTN have been detected in concentrations as high as 4200 and 1900 ng L, respectively. Fragrances are used topically, and after routine use they are released into sewage and wastewater, and they have been detected in influents and effluents, seawater, as well as in marine biota (Ricking et al., 2003 Berset et al., 2004). In surveys conducted in Canada and Sweden, the concentrations of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, and AHMI in the effluents was moderately to strongly correlated with the population size served by the respective treatment plants (r = 0.796, 

Location Population Served Type of Environment Galaxohde (HHCB) Tonalide (AHTN) Celestohde (ADBI) Phentolide (AHMI) Cashmerun (DPMI) Traseolide (ATTI) Musk Xylene (MX) Musk Ketone (MK) 

Skene 17,280 Effluents of STP through trickling filter. Activated sludge with nitrogen removal combined with A1 precipitation. 218 42 3 2 1 1 1 1 

Gasslosa 79,000 Same type of effluent treatment as that at Skene. 423 104 6 5 1 1 1 1 

---

W. Majewski and D. C. Miller, eds.. Predicting Effects of Power Plant Once-Through Cooling on Aquatic Systems, Technical Papers in Hydrology 20, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco), Paris, 1979. 

The fate of a pollutant in an aquatic system may be expressed as follows ... 

Under equiUbrium or near-equiUbrium conditions, the distribution of volatile species between gas and water phases can be described in terms of Henry s law. The rate of transfer of a compound across the water-gas phase boundary can be characterized by a mass-transfer coefficient and the activity gradient at the air—water interface. In addition, these substance-specific coefficients depend on the turbulence, interfacial area, and other conditions of the aquatic systems. They may be related to the exchange constant of oxygen as a reference substance for a system-independent parameter reaeration coefficients are often known for individual rivers and lakes. 

J. D. Buffle, Complexation Reactions in Aquatic Systems An Analytical Approach, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1988. 

In several cases, such as shellfish areas and aquatic reserves, the usual water quaUty parameters do not apply because they are nonspecific as to detrimental effects on aquatic life. Eor example, COD is an overall measure of organic content, but it does not differentiate between toxic and nontoxic organics. In these cases, a species diversity index has been employed as related to either free-floating or benthic organisms. The index indicates the overall condition to the aquatic environment. It is related to the number of species in the sample. The higher the species diversity index, the more productive the aquatic system. The species diversity index is computed by the equation K- = (S — 1)/logjg I, where S is the number of species and /the total number of individual organisms counted. 

Solubihties of 1,3-butadiene and many other organic compounds in water have been extensively studied to gauge the impact of discharge of these materials into aquatic systems. Estimates have been advanced by using the UNIFAC derived method (19,20). Similarly, a mathematical model has been developed to calculate the vapor—Hquid equiUbrium (VLE) for 1,3-butadiene in the presence of steam (21). 

Acid deposition and the alteration of the pH of aquatic systems has led to the acidification of lakes and ponds in various locations in the world. Low-pH conditions result in lakes which contain no fish species. 

Land, vegetation, and bodies of water are the surfaces on which acidic deposition accumulates. Bodies of fresh water represent the smallest proportion of the earth s surface area available for acidic deposition. Yet, the best-known effect is acidification of freshwater aquatic systems. 

The pH of rainwater is normally about 6 but can be reduced significantly by absorption of acidic exhaust gases from power stations, industrial combustion or other processes, and vehicles. Acids may also enter the waterways as a component of industrial effluent. In addition to the direct adverse effects on aquatic systems (Table 16.12) low pH can result in the leaching of toxic metals from land, etc. 

Kim, J. 1., Stumpe, R., and Klenze, R. Laser-induced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for the Speciation ofTransuranic Elements in Natural Aquatic Systems. 157,129-180 (1990). 

The results indicated certain correlations and generalities about plutonium that led to further questions regarding its chemical state in aquatic systems. For instance, the concentrations of fallout plutonium in natural waters was strongly dependent upon the concentration of DOC but no correlation to pH was obtained. 

These various broad research observations generated questions about the influence of chemical environments in aquatic systems upon plutonium and what chemical species might be present. The oxidation states of plutonium, its associations with DOC, and its complexation by inorganic ions all seemed interrelated and important to the understanding of environmental transport. 

A further resolution of the higher oxidation states in aquatic systems occurred in 1978 when scientists at Argonne National Laboratory(20) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory(21) independently established the capability to identify Pu(V) as the oxidized form that exists in natural waters. Both methods are based upon preferential adsorption on finely divided solids. In the Argonne procedure, adapted from a Japanese method for determining Np(V)(22), Pu(IV) and Pu(VI) adsorb onto silicic acid while Pu(V) does not. The Argonne scientists also have shown that the oxidized form of plutonium in natural waters carries on CaC03 when it is formed by... 

Contemporary forest declines were initiated about 1950-1960, virtually simultaneously throughout the industrial world at the same time as damage to aquatic systems and structures became apparent. A broad array of natural and anthropogenic stresses have been identified as components of a complex web of primary causal factors that vary in time and space, interact among each other, affect various plant growth and development systems and may result in the death of trees in mountainous ecosystems. As these ecosystems decline, the alterations in forest ecology, independent of the initial causal complex, become themselves additional stress factor complexes leading to further alterations. 

Rate constants for a large number of atmospheric reactions have been tabulated by Baulch et al. (1982, 1984) and Atkinson and Lloyd (1984). Reactions for the atmosphere as a whole and for cases involving aquatic systems, soils, and surface systems are often parameterized by the methods of Chapter 4. That is, the rate is taken to be a linear function or a power of some limiting reactant - often the compound of interest. As an example, the global uptake of CO2 by photosynthesis is often represented in the empirical form d[C02]/df = —fc[C02] ". Rates of reactions on solid surfaces tend to be much more complicated than gas phase reactions, but have been examined in selected cases for solids suspended in air, water, or in sediments. 

Loss of nitrogen compounds from soils is also a major pathway into the atmosphere for some compounds (e.g., N2O, NO, and NH3). As in the aquatic systems, parameters that play an important role in this process include the nature of the compound soil temperature, water content, pH, aeration of the soil and a concentration gradient of the gas in question. 

Fig. 12-3 Partitioning of the global inventories of nitrogen in the aquatic system. Units are Tg N. (Reprinted with permission from R. Soderlund and T. Rosswall, The nitrogen cycles. In O. Huntizger (1982). "The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles," p. 71, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.)...

The land biota reservoir (3) represents the phosphorus contained within all living terrestrial organisms. The dominant contributors are forest ecosystems with aquatic systems contributing only a minor amount. Phosphorus contained in dead and decaying organic materials is not included in this reservoir. It is important to note that although society most directly influences and interacts with the P in lakes and rivers, these reservoirs contain little P relative to soil and land biota and are not included in this representation of the global cycle. 

---