Chemical in soils

An example of using one predicted property to predict another is predicting the adsorption of chemicals in soil. This is usually done by first predicting an octanol water partition coelficient and then using an equation that relates this to soil adsorption. This type of property-property relationship is most reliable for monofunctional compounds. Structure-property relationships, and to a lesser extent group additivity methods, are more reliable for multifunctional compounds than this type of relationship. 

FIGURE 7.15 Transport and transformation of toxic chemicals in soil environments (left) and water environments... 

Glotfelty DE, Schomburg CJ. 1989. Volatilization of pesticides from soil. Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils. SSSA Special Publication No. 22, 181-207. 

Hatzinger PB, M Alexander (1995) Effect of aging of chemicals in soil on their biodegradability and extract-ability. Environ Sci Technol 29 537-545. 

Alexander M (1995b) How toxic are toxic chemicals in soil Environ Sci Technol 29 2713-2717. 

The second factor is the type and concentration of chemicals in soil. Soils with low initial ionic strengths favor high EO efficiencies. A lower initial ionic strength is responsible for a higher conductivity of the specimen, which in turn results in a decrease in the resistance offered to current flow, and hence the ion flow is governed more by diffusion and migration. 

Carrizosa MJ, Hermosin MC, Koskinen WC, Cornejo J (2004) Interactions of two sulfonylurea herbicides with organoclays. Clays Clay Miner 52 643-649 Celis R, Hermosin MC, Cornejo J (2000) Heavy metal adsorption by functionalized clays. Environ Sci Technol 34 4593-4599 Chappell MA, Laird DA, Thompson ML, Li H, Teppen BJ, Johnston CT, Boyd SA (2005) Influence of smectite hydration and swelling on atrazine sorption behavior. Environ. Sci Technol 39 3150-3156 Chiou CT (1989) Theoretical considerations of the partition uptake of nonionic organic compounds by soil organic matter. In Sawhney BL, Brown K (eds) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 1-29... 

Boesten JJTI (1993) Bioavailability of organic chemicals in soil related to then-concentration in the liquid phase a review. Sci Tot Environ Supplement 397-407... 

The following physical-chemical properties and related partition coefficients affect the distribution of a persistent organic chemical in soil ... 

Linn DM, Carski TH, Brusseau ML, Chang FH, eds. Sorption and Degradation of Pesticides and Organic Chemicals in Soil. Madison, WI Soil Science Society of America and American Agronomy Society of Agronomy 1993. 

Kuhn EP, Suflita JM. 1989. Dehalogenation of pesticides by anaerobic microorganisms in soils and groundwater-a review. In Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 22 111 -180. 

Borkovec, M., B. Buchter, H. Sticher, P. Behra, and M. Sardin (1991), "Chromatographic Methods and Transport of Chemicals in Soils , Chimia 45, 221 -227. 

Accumulation of agricultural chemicals in soils may lead to formation of nitrosamines. The herbicides atrazine and butralin were found to form nitrosamines only in the presence of high levels of nitrite. Active uptake of NDMA and NDEA by wheat and barley has been published however, no conclusive evidence has been reported80. 

Pignatello JJ (1989) In Sawhney BL, Brown K (eds) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soil. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 45 - 97... 

Anderson TA, Beauchamp JJ, Walton BT. 1991. Fate of volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals in soils Abiotic versus biotic losses. J Environ Qual 20(2) 420-424. 

Loehr, R.C. and Matthews, J.E. Loss of organic chemicals in soil pnre componnd treatability stndies, J. Soil Contam., 1 (4) 339-360, 1992. 

Hassett IJ, Banwart WL (1989) The sorption of nonpolar organics by soils and sediments In Sawhney BL, Brown K. (eds) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, pp 31 5p Hayes MHB, Malcom RL (2001) Considerations of compositions and aspects of the structure of humic substances. In Clapp CE, Hayes MHB, Senesi N, Bloom PR Jardine PM, Humic substances and chemical contaminants. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, pp 1-39 Herbillon AJ, Erankart R, Vielvoye L (1981) An occurrence of interstratified kaoUnite-smectite minerals in a red-black soil top sequence. Clay Miner 16 195-201 Horne RA (1969) Marine chemistry. Wiley, New York... 

Calvet R (1989a) Adsorption of organic chemicals in soils. Environ Health Perspect 83 145-177 Calvet R (1989b) Analyse du concept de biodiponibrlite d une substance dans le sol. Sci Sol 26 183-201... 

Peterson MS, Lion LW, Shoemaker CA (1988) Influence of vapor phase sorption and diffusion on the fate of trichloroethylene in an unsaturated aquifer system. Environ Sci Technol 22 571-578 Petersen LW, Moldrup P, El-Farhan YH, Jacobsen OH, Yamaguchi Y, Rolston DE (1995) The effect of moisture and soil texture on the adsorption of organic vapors. J Environ Qual 24 752-759 Pignatello JJ (1989) Sorption dynamics of organic compounds in soils and sediments. In Sawhney BL, Brown K (eds) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil Sci Soc Amer Spec Publ 22 45- 81... 

Wershaw RL (1986) A new model for humic materials and their interactions with hydrophobic organic chemicals in soil-water or in sediment-water systems. J Contam Hydrol 1 29-45 Whitehouse BG (1984) The effect of temperature and salinity on the aqueous solubility of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Mar Chem 14 319-332 Wolters A, Linnemann V, Herbst M, Klein M, Schaffer A, Vereecken H (2003) Pesticide volatihzation from soil Lysimeter measurements versus predictions of European registration models. J Environ Qual 32 1183-1193... 

The percent pesticide volatilized in one day from wet soil correlated positively with the factor [vapor pressure/(water solubility X binding constant)]. This factor has been reported to be linearly related to the volatilization rate of chemicals from soil surfaces (27). For pesticides with Henry s law constants and soil binding constants within the range studied, the factor is also approximately proportional to the fraction of chemical in soil air at equilibrium (28). In the present study, it was found that four of the pesticides had low factors, and less than 1% volatilized in 1 day (Table III). Diazinon, on the other hand, had a higher factor, and 2% of it volatilized. The use of this factor therefore does seem to have some merit for qualitative prediction. 

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