Microorganisms, soil

Numerous theories exist as to how the Chilean deposits formed and survived. It has been postulated that the unique nitrate-rich caUche deposits of northern Chile owe their existence to an environment favorable to accumulation and preservation of the deposits, rather than to any unusual source of the saline materials (2). The essential conditions are an extremely arid climate similar to that of the Atacama desert in the 1990s, slow accumulation during the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods, and a paucity of nitrate-utilizing plants and soil microorganisms. 

Hydrodechlorination has long been recogni2ed as an important chemical transformation. However, the en2ymatic hydrodechlorination of atra2ine (3) by soil microorganisms has also been demonstrated (eq. 15) (21). 

MacroHdes are obtained by controUed submerged aerobic fermentations of soil microorganisms. Although species of Streptomjces have dominated, species of Saccharopoljspora Micromonospora and Streptoverticillium are also weU represented. New techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based assays may prove beneficial for discovering new stmctures (464). 

Metabolites in the degradation of Demeton S-methyl sulfoxide by soil microorganisms... 

Martens R. 1976. Degradation of 8.9 carbon-14] endosulfan by soil microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 31 853-858. 

Miles JRW, Moy P. 1979. Degradation of endosulfan and its metabolites by a mixed culture of soil microorganisms. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 23 13-19. 

The repeated use of carbofuran and other carbamates has been associated with changes in the metabolic capacity of soil microorganisms (Suett 1986). Carbofuran... 

If the only role of soil microorganisms was to provide nitrite from nitrate, they could perhaps be dismissed, at least if one accepts the premise of Bremner and Nelson that whatever its source, nitrite is consumed via interactions with soil... 

Fortunately, some soil microorganisms were found to grow utilizing tropic acid as the sole source of carbon. Among them, a bacterium identified as Rhodococ-cus sp. was also active to the methyl derivative. The isolated product was R)-a-phenylproionate as shown in Fig. 20. 

Racke KD, EP Lichtenstein (1985) Effects of soil microorganisms on the release of bound " C residues from soils previously treated with [ Cjparathion. J Agric Food Chem 33 938-943. 

Dick WA, RO Ankumah, G McClung, N Abou-Assaf (1990) Enhanced degradation of S-ethyl A, A -dipropyl-carbamothioate in soil and by an isolated soil microorganism. In Enhanced Bio degradation of Pesticides in the Environment (Eds KD Racke and JR Coats), pp 98-112. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 426, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 

Tu CM (1976) Utilization and degradation of lindane by soil microorganisms. Arch Microbiol 108 259-263. 

Margesin R, F Schinner (1997) Efficiency of indigenous and inoculated cold-adapted soil microorganisms for biodegradation of diesel oil in alpine oils. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2660-2664. 

Groundwater contaminant plumes from accidental gasoline releases often contain methyl-tert-butyl ether. Experiments with certain soil microorganisms showed that a culture able to degrade methyl-tert-butyl ether did not degrade benzene and toluene. Further interactions were observed [468]. 

Chapters 7 and 9 discuss specific exchange of molecular signals (the so-called molecular cross talk ) between beneficial microorganisms, such as rhizo-bia and mycorrhizas, and their host plants. Molecular cross talk seems to be a prerequisite mechanism for most of the plant infection by soil microorganisms (14). Only for a few microbial infections, however, the sequence and type of molecular signals involved have been characterized. Thus, there is the need for further studies to elucidate the unknown molecular cross talk between the most common rhizobacteria and fungi and the plant roots it is also needed to better understand how molecular cross talk responds to the changing environmental conditions. The potential applications of these studies are important because the... 

---