Field vegetables

Pyrethroid Esters of Benzene Acetate. These insecticides have more extensive stmctural optimization in both acid and alcohol moieties. Fenvalerate [51630-58-17, a-cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+)-(2R,5)"Ct"isoprop5i-4-chlorophenylacetate (24) d 1.17, vp 1.4 p.Pa at 25°C), a mixture of four isomers, is soluble in water to 0.3 mg/L The rat oral LD q is 450 mg/kg. Esfenvalerate [66230-04-4] is the (+)-2-(i, 5)-isomer (mp 59°C). The rat LD qS are 75, 458 (oral), and the rabbit dermal LD q is 2000 mg/kg. These pyrethroids are widely used general-purpose insecticides for field, vegetable, and fmit crops. 

Field vegetables are more susceptible to pathogens imported by wild animals compared to smaller-sized horticultural areas near buildings, which can be protected against small animals, but not birds, by fences. Generally, no free-range animals (e.g. fowl) that can reach horticultural plots should be... 

October 1998 Potato blight control Organic vegetable seed production Companion cropping for organic field vegetables... 

Etofenprox or 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzylether Nonester Pyrethroid Contact and stomach action Control of insects in rice fields, vegetables, fruit, oilseed rape, public bealtb pests, and on animals 11-23... 

Trichlorfon was introduced in 1950, and has been used as an insecticide since 1952. It is available in the form of dust, granular, emulsifiable concentrate, soluble powdei injectable solution, tablets, and fly bait. Trichlorfon is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is particularly used against Diptera. It is used to control a variety of other insects in field, vegetable, and fruit crops, and forestry. In domestic animals, trichlorfon is used for the control of internal and external parasites. 

Zande, JC van de, R Meier and MT van IJzendoom, 1996. Spraying in-field vegetables deposit and biological efficacy, the effects of volume rates, dose, spray interval and air assistance on disease control. BCPC Conference — Pests and Diseases 1996, Brighton 18-21 November 1996, British Crop Protection Council, Famham, 343-348. 

Dylox, [Miles/Ag] Selective insecticide for field, vegetable, and turf crops. 

Cygon 400. [Am. Cyanamid/Ag] Dimethoate systemic insecticide-miti-cide fa- field, vegetable, and fruit oops. 

In recent times, different types of organic compounds have been used. An important class of fungicides is the dithiocarhamates and their derivatives, which are widely used on many crops such as fruits and field vegetables. 

Habitat The chul and adyr zones. Among wheat and alfalfa fields, vegetable gardens, orchards, on small hiUs, waste places and dry slopes. 

Habitat The chul zone. As a weed in cotton and melon fields, vegetable gardens, and all irrigated farming areas. 

Dejana Saftic, MarIjana PlesniSar, Inst.of Field Vegetable Crops, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 

Some cropping systems are much more prone to water erosion than others. The most susceptible land use is when crops are harvested in the auturrm under adverse soil conditions which can happen with forage maize and field vegetables. Long term leys and permanent pasture usually pose little risk. Soils with a good crop cover are much less susceptible than where there are fine seedbeds and or bare ground. 

In some years, if there is enough soil moisture, stubble cultivatiorrs arrd the stale seedbed technique can be a useful aid to weed control. The soil is cirltivated ready to sow the next crop weeds are allowed to grow and are then killed before planting the crop. Inter-row cirltivations are still used in some crops, particularly if there is a difficult weed to corrtrol, such as weed beet in sugar beet, or where there ate limited herbicides approved for use, as in field vegetables. There is some interest in the use of in-crop weeders as a method of reducing herbicide inputs. 

The first crop assurance scheme to be introduced in 1996 was Assured Produce for growers supplying vegetable and salad crops. This was an initiative by the producers themselves, putting in place a system, which not only recorded farming operations and inputs, but also allowed external scratiny or verification of the production systems. The voluntary introduction of the scheme aimed to demonstrate to supermarkets that field vegetables and salad crops were grown... 

Some organic crops such as cereals are cheaper to grow and grain prices are higher than for conventional crops but to be viable they cannot be grown too frequently in the rotation. Many field vegetables are much more expensive to... 

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