Cultural practices

Many factors affect the mechanisms and kinetics of sorption and transport processes. For instance, differences in the chemical stmcture and properties, ie, ionizahility, solubiUty in water, vapor pressure, and polarity, between pesticides affect their behavior in the environment through effects on sorption and transport processes. Differences in soil properties, ie, pH and percentage of organic carbon and clay contents, and soil conditions, ie, moisture content and landscape position climatic conditions, ie, temperature, precipitation, and radiation and cultural practices, ie, crop and tillage, can all modify the behavior of the pesticide in soils. Persistence of a pesticide in soil is a consequence of a complex interaction of processes. Because the persistence of a pesticide can govern its availabiUty and efficacy for pest control, as weU as its potential for adverse environmental impacts, knowledge of the basic processes is necessary if the benefits of the pesticide ate to be maximized. 

Water leaves the field either as surface mnoff, carrying pesticides dissolved in the water or sorbed to soil particles suspended in water, or as water draining through the soil profile, carrying dissolved pesticides to deeper depths. The distribution of water between drainage and mnoff is dependent on the amount of water appHed to the field, the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and the cultural practices imposed on the field. These factors also impact the retention and transformation processes affecting the pesticide. 

Table 1 shows the relative salt tolerances of agricultural crops. These data serve as a guide to the relative tolerance among crops to adapt the quahty of water to crops patterns under water scarcity. It is important to highlight that absolute tolerances vary with climate, soil conditions, and cultural practices. 

These trials should be placed within each country in the areas with the largest production. There are circumstances, however, under which countries can be excluded, even if their US crop imports are over 5%. For instance, if the petitioner does not market or does not intend to market the subject pesticide in one of the top two or three countries that export the crop to the USA, then the total percentage imported should not include the countries in which the pesticide is not marketed or intended to be marketed. Also, if natural disasters or political problems make it difficult to include a specific country, one may request that the EPA accept additional trials from neighboring countries which can be shown to have similar climatic conditions and cultural practices. 

Type of application equipment used for example, using over-the-top spray boom or air blast for grapes. The sprayer should be consistent with local cultural practices for each test site. 

The treated plots and control area should be managed according to agricultural practice in the area. Fertilization should be made according to normal agricultural practice and documented as to when and how applied include rate and composition. Soil preparation and other cultural practices must be noted. 

Evidence suggests that HIV in humans is the result of cross-species transmission from primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). HIV-2 is closely related to the SIV found in sooty mangabeys in West Africa, and HIV-1 is similar to the SIV found in chimpanzees. The earliest known human HIV infection was in central Africa in 1959. Cultural practices such as the preparation and eating of bush-meat, or keeping primates as pets, may have allowed the virus to transmit from animal to human. The rapid spread of the virus throughout the world can be primarily attributed to high mobility due to modern transportation, sexual promiscuity, and drug abuse. 

Blackledge, A. (2003). Imagining a monocultural community racialization of cultural practice in educational discourse. /. Language, Identity, and Education, 2(4), 331-47. 

Downey MO, Dokoozlian NK and Krstic MP. 2006. Cultural practice and environmental impacts on the flavonoid composition of grapes and wine a review of recent research. Am J Enol ViUc 57 257— 268. 

Wireworms are controlled by cultural practices in Louisiana, or by the application of 2 or 3 pounds per acre of chlordan or toxaphene in limited areas. Florida uses 40,000 pounds of chlordan per year for wireworm control at planting time. 

For the control of this disease Bordeaux mixture in combination with better cultural practices has been recommended. Garces (17) recommended similar treatment, but when the pods are still young. Although only preliminary trials have been made on the chemical control of Monilia pod rot in Colombia, initial reports indicated that substantial control was being obtained with fungicidal sprays, but when the results were analyzed statistically they were not significant (18). 

Mosquito Control. Cultural practices commonly followed in the production of rice over most of the rice-producing areas of the southern states have created such favorable conditions for the multiplication of certain species of temporary water mosquitoes that the mosquito is probably the most important insect problem of this area. 

Because of cost/proflt relationships, for example, harvesting methods vary with cultural practices. About 30 percent of the U. S. cotton crop is stripper-harvested. In Texas, more than 80 percent of the cotton is stripper-harvested because of crop culture, low harvesting cost, and high harvesting capacity associated with strippers. 

Neue HU, Becker-Heidmann P, Scharpenseel HW. 1990. Organic matter dynamics, soil properties, and cultural practices in rice lands and their relationship to methane production. In Bouwman AF, ed. Soils and the Greenhouse Effect. New York Wiley, 457-466. 

Certain problems with vegetables are caused by bad cultural practice or mineral deficiencies in the soil. Bolting happens when plants go to seed prematurely and is caused by drying out,... 

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