Frost hardiness

Schmidt, J.E., Schmitt, J.M., Kaiser, W.M. Hincha, D.K. (1986). Salt treatment induces frost hardiness in leaves and isolated thylakoids from spinach. Planta, 168, 50-5. 

Field beans grow well on clay soils and heavy loams, provided they are well-drained and limed (pH above 6). Winter beans are not frost hardy and so are risky to grow, north of the Midlands. In some rotations, beans replace the clover break and they are usually followed by wheat. Yields for spring and winter field beans are shown in Table 5.4. The problem with field beans is their variable yield, which is partly caused by adverse weather conditions and susceptibility to pests and diseases (winter beans get chocolate spot, spring beans are aphid prone), and partly due to the uncertain activity of the necessary insect crosspollinators. 

Niki T, Sakai A Ultrastructural changes related to frost hardiness in the cortical parenchyma cells from mulberry twigs. Plant Cell Physiol 1981 22 171-183. 

Hincha, D.K., Heber, U. Schmitt, J.M. (1990). Proteins from frost-hardy leaves protect thylakoids against mechanical freeze-thaw damage in vitro. Planta 180, 416-19. 

P22 Poland M9 X Antonovka < M9 Very frost-hardy, high production capacity, good fruit quality (colour development) Root at severe risk of drying out (tree failures), juvenile and adult forms... 

B9 (Budagovsky) Russia (M8 X Red Standard] > M9 Frost-hardy, better colour development, resistant to collar rot Less productive than M9, susceptible to fireblight and woolly aphid. Smaller fruit Rapid spring development... 

Only for light soils, otherwise some trees die after 6-10 years, including sour cherries. Highly susceptible to damage by mice, little root suckering, frost-hardy. 

Curbs growth, frost-hardy, not always compatible, medium to high soil requirements, good fruit size can be obtained by pruning and additional irrigation. Not suitable for replanting after P. avium or after itself. 

Pulkkinen, P. 1993. Frost hardiness development and lignification of young Norway spruce seedlings of southern and northern Finnish origin. Silva Fenn. 27 47-54. 

Hatano, S., Kabata, K., Yoshimoto, M. and Sadakane, H. (1982) Studies on frost hardiness in Chlorella-ellipsoidea. 8. Accumulation of free fatty-acids during hardnening of Chlorella-ellipsoidea. Plant Physiol., 70, 1173-1177. 

Caused by Freezing and Its Relationship to Frost Hardiness Problems, Plant Physiol 1964, 39, 712-719. 

Protection by Changes in Membrane Structure. Development of frost hardiness in plants is often accompanied by an increase in membrane lipids, particularly phospholipids (77, 78, 79). An increase in the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid components of phospholipids also has been observed by some (78,79) but not by all investigators (77). Attempts to correlate increases in membrane lipids with hardiness of thylakoids from cabbage leaves have so far failed (80). Also, what effect an increase in membrane lipids may have on hardiness is not yet understood. 

As it is known [2, 3], wild plants from natural ecosystems have such valuable traits as longevity, frost hardiness, drought resistance and high concentration of nutrient elements. 

Rye will grow on poor, hght, acid soils and in dry districts where other cereals may fail. It is mainly grown in such conditions for grain because, on good soils, although the output may be higher, it does not yield or sell so well as other cereals. It is extremely frost-hardy and withstands much colder conditions than the other cereals. 

All these results indicate that about 90% of the damages to maritime pines after the low temperatures of January 1985 can be attributed to exogenous pines with lower frost hardiness. This infraspecific response is consistent with the previous data of Bonneau et al. (1967) emphasizing the greater susceptibility of northwestern iberian pines to low temperatures. Similar results have been obtained with other Conifers, e.g. Pinus sylvestris (Eiche and Anderson, 197 ), Pinus contorta (Rehfeldt, 1980), Pinus strobus (Maronek and Flint, 197 ), Pinus echinata compared to Pinus taeda (Minckler, 1951). The heritability of frost hardiness was demonstrated for Pinus sylvestris (Norell et al., 1986), for Pinus pinaster (Tessier, 1986), and for other coniferous species. 

Norell L., Eriksson G., Ekberg I. and Dormling I., 1986 - Inheritance of autumn frost hardiness in Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. Theor. Appl. Genet., 72 ... 

Joh T, Yoshida T, Yoshimoto M, Miyamoto T, Hatano S. Composition and positional distribution of fatty acids in polar lipids from Chlorella ellipsoidea differing in chilling susceptibility and frost hardiness. Physiol Plant 1993 89 285-290,... 

Cape JN, Fowler D, Eamus D, Murray MB, Sheppard LJ, Leith ID. (1990). Effects of acid mist and ozone on frost hardiness of Norway spruce seedlings. In Payer HD, Pfirrmann T, Mathy P. editors. Environmental Research with Plants in Closed Chambers), Air Pollution Research Report No. 26, Commisson of the European Communities, DGXII, Brussels 1990 331-335. 

Sheppard, L. J., R. I. Smith, and M. G. R. Cannell. 1989. Frost hardiness of Picea rubens growing in spruce decline regions of the Appalachians. Tree Phys. 5 25-37. 

It is thought that altered ionic relations and affected membrane permeabilites may lead to several unspecific responses. As mentioned above, it remains unclear how biological effects of acidic precipitation (cf, reviews of Evans, 1984, and Tukey, 1980) are caused. For example, the reported decrease of frost hardiness of seedlings of Picea rubens due to acid rain treatments (Fowler et al, 1989b) was discussed to be caused by the interception of applied S04 --, NOa , and NH4+ the individual ion(s) responsible for the effect could not be identified, - The same conclusion is assumed to be true for most unspecific plant responses due to acid rain, including affected host plant-parasite interactions (Fliickiger, 1987),... 

UNSWORIH. 1989b. Effects of add irdst on the frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings. New Phytol. 113, 321-335. 

Ekramoddoullah, A.K.M., J.J. Davidson and D.W. Taylor. 1998. A protein associated with frost hardiness of western white pine is up-regulated by infection in the white pine blister rust pathosystem. Can. J. For. Res. 28 412 17. 

Yu, X.S., A.K.M. Ekramoddoullah and S. Misra. 1997. Cloning and constructing a cDNA database of genes involved in frost hardiness from western white pine needles. Plant Physiol. 114 600-606. 

Benowicz, A., S.C. Grossnickle and Y.A. El-Kassaby. 2002. Field assessment of Douglas-fir somatic and zygotic seedlings with respect to gas exchange, water relations, and frost hardiness. Canadian Journal of Forest... 

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