Acronyms

RI TSCA UCL UF WIPP WIPPLWA risk index Toxic Substances Control Act upper confidence limit uncertainty factor Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Land Withdrawal Act 

and ROGERS, V.L. (1978). A Classification System for Radioactive Waste Disposal—What Waste Goes Where , U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Report NUREG-0456 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

AEA (1954). U.S. Atomic Energy Act. Public Law 83-703 (August 30), 68 Stat. 919, as amended (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington). 

Systematic nomenclature was introduced at a relatively late stage in the history of chemistry, and thus common names had already been coined for a wide range of chemicals. Because these names were in everyday usage, and familiar to most chemists, a number have been adopted by lUPAC as the approved name, even though they are not systematic. These are thus names that chemists still use, that are used for labelling reagent bottles, and are those under which the chemical is purchased. Some of these are given in Table 1.4, and it may come as a shock to realize that the systematic names school chemistry courses have provided will probably have to be relearned . 

The use of the old terminology n- (normal) for unbranched hydrocarbon chains, with i- (iso), s-(secondary), t- (tertiary) for branched chains is still quite common with small molecules, and can be acceptable in lUPAC names. 

Structure Systematic name lUPAC approved name 

Some of the common reagent chemicals and solvents are usually referred to by acronyms, a sequence of letters derived from either the systematic name or a trivial name. We shall encounter some of these in due course, and both name and acronym will be introduced when we first meet them. For reference purposes, those we shall meet are also listed in Table 1.5. Far more examples occur with biochemicals. Those indicated cover many, but the list is not comprehensive. 

NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) 

Density Functional Theory External (Stability/Instability) 

Electronegativity Equalization Method Electron Population Space Fukui Function Group (Level of Resolution) 

Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (Frontier MO) Internal (Stability/Instability) 

Internally Decoupled Modes Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (Approximation, Method) 

(2007) Green engineering and the design of chemical processes and products, Chemical Engineering, 36-40. 

Bulatova, I., Smith, R., and Kim, J.K. (2012) Site-wide low-grade heat recovery with a new cogeneration targeting method, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 90, 677-689. 

API Standard 521 (2014) Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems, 5 th edn, American Petroleum Institute. 

Barletta, T., Martin, G.R., and Visser, A. (2002) Consider comprehensive CPD efforts to cut costs, Hydrocarbon Processing, 53-62. 

(2006) A Practical Guide to Compressor Technology, 2nd edn, John Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey. 

B3LYP Becke 3-parameter exchange-correlation functional 

BLYP Becke and Lee-Yang-Parr exchange-correlation functional 

CCSD(T) CC truncated to singles, doubles, and (approximated) triples substitutions 

ELAPW Eully linearized augmented plane waves 

MP2 Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation expansion 

A Dalton is defined as l/12tli of the mass of a C atom. It differs from an atomic mass unit (amu), which is defined as l/16th of the mass of a atom. Electron capture dissociation Electron detachment dissociation Electron-induced dissociation 

Erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet, a crystal used for lasers. It lases at a fundamental wavelength of 2.94 gm. 

Electron transfer dissociation Fast Fourier transform [137] 

The ratio of the sum of the fragment ions divided by the reduction in the precursor ion abundance. 

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance Full-width at half-maximum, the standard way of deter- mining peak width. It is used to calculate resolving power (see below). alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid Ion cyclotron resonance Infrared 

CSEID class-selective electrochemical index determination 

SWPTEs single-walled press-transferred electrodes 

Janasek, D., Eranzke, J., and Manz, A. (2006) Scaling and design of miniaturized 

Geschke, O., Klank, H., and Tellesmann, P. (eds) (2004) Mycrosystems Engineering of Lab-on-a-Chip Devices, Wiley-VCH Verlag Co. KgaA, Weinheim. 

Vandaveer, W.R., Pasas, S.A., Martin, R.S., and Lunte, S.M. (2002) Recent developments in amperometric detection for microchip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 23, 3667-3677. 

1 Kofstad, R.E. (1972) Non-Stoichiometry, Dijfusion, and Electrical Conductivity in Binary Metal Oxides, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. 

2 Marques, R.M.C., Marques, F.M.B., and Frade, J.R. (1994) Characterization of mixed conductors by DC techniques. Part I Theoretical 

3 Iwahara, H. (19%) Proton conducting ceramics and their applications. Solid State Ionics, 86-88, 9-15. 

and Liu, S.M. (2008) Enhancement of oxygen permeation through Lao.6Sro.4Coo.2Feo.803 5 hollow fibre membranes by surface modifications. 

5 Yacou, C., Sunarso, J., Lin, C.X.C., Smart, S Liu, S., and Diniz da Costa, J.C. (2011) Palladium surface modified Lao.6Sro.4Coo.2Feo.803 5 hollow fibres for oxygen separation. J. Membr. ScL, 380, 223-231. 

Electron (energy) loss near-edge spectroscopy Extended X-ray absorption fine structure Extended (electron) energy loss fine structure Friction force microscopy 

High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy High-resolution transmission electron microscopy lon-beam-assisted deposition Infrared 

X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray pholoelectron spectroscopy X-ray diffraction Zinc dithiophosphate 

Bhushan and B. K. Gupta (eds.). Handbook of Tribology. McGraw-Hill. New York, 1991. p. 229. 

Bowden and D. Tabor. The Friction and Lubrication of Solid.s, Part 2. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1964. p. 210. 

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The acronym "CIAPES" stands for - Controle et Inspection des Appareils a pression lors de I Epreuve et en Service (Control and Inspection of Pressure Vessels during Testing and in Service). 

The function of this chapter is to review these methods with emphasis on the types of phenomenology involved and information obtained. Many of the effects are complicated, and full theoretical descriptions are still lacking. The wide variety of methods and derivative techniques has resulted in a veritable alphabet soup of acronyms. A short list is given in Table VIII-1 (see pp. 313-318) the lUPAC recommendations for the abbreviations are found in Ref. 1. 

The listing of techniques in Table Vlll-1 is not a static one. It is expanded over what it was a few years ago and is continuing to expand. Try, in an imaginative yet serious manner, to suggest techniques not listed in the table. Explain what their values might be and, of course, propose a suitable acronym for each. 

Several instniments have been developed for measuring kinetics at temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen [81]. Liquid helium cooled drift tubes and ion traps have been employed, but this apparatus is of limited use since most gases freeze at temperatures below about 80 K. Molecules can be maintained in the gas phase at low temperatures in a free jet expansion. The CRESU apparatus (acronym for the French translation of reaction kinetics at supersonic conditions) uses a Laval nozzle expansion to obtain temperatures of 8-160 K. The merged ion beam and molecular beam apparatus are described above. These teclmiques have provided important infonnation on reactions pertinent to interstellar-cloud chemistry as well as the temperature dependence of reactions in a regime not otherwise accessible. In particular, infonnation on ion-molecule collision rates as a ftmction of temperature has proven valuable m refining theoretical calculations. 

The 70 years since these first observations have witnessed dramatic developments in Raman spectroscopy, particularly with the advent of lasers. By now, a large variety of Raman spectroscopies have appeared, each with its own acronym. They all share the conunon trait of using high energy ( optical ) light to probe small energy level spacings in matter. 

Many variations of the basic homonuclear COSY experiment have been devised to extend its range. A brief guide to some classes of experiment follows, along with a few of the connnon acronyms. 

A H(detected)- C shift correlation spectrum (conmion acronym HMQC, for heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, but sometimes also called COSY) is a rapid way to assign peaks from protonated carbons, once the hydrogen peaks are identified. With changes in pulse timings, this can also become the HMBC (l eteronuclear multiple bond coimectivity) experiment, where the correlations are made via the... 

ELDOR is tlie acronym for electron-electron double resonance. In an ELDOR experiment [28] one observes a rednction in the EPR signal intensity of one hyperfme transition that results from the saturation of another EPR transition within the spin system. ELDOR measurements are still relatively rare bnt the experiment is fimily established in the EPR repertoire. 

We make one important note here regarding nomenclature. Early explanations of CIDNP invoked an Overhauser-type mechanism, implying a dynamic process similar to spin relaxation hence the word dynamic m the CIDNP acronym. This is now known to be incorrect, but the acronym has prevailed in its infant fomi. 

From the above descriptions, it becomes apparent that one can include a wide variety of teclmiques under the label diffraction methods . Table Bl.21.1 lists many techniques used for surface stmctural detemiination, and specifies which can be considered diffraction methods due to their use of wave interference (table Bl.21.1 also explains many teclmique acronyms commonly used in surface science). The diffraction methods range from the classic case of XRD and the analogous case of FEED to much more subtle cases like XAFS (listed as both SEXAFS (surface extended XAFS) and NEXAFS (near-edge XAFS) in the table). 

PD (covers a variety of other acronyms, like ARPEFS, ARXPD, ARXPS, ARUPS, NPD, OPD, PED) yes 88 7.9... 

Acronym Full name Principle of measurement Key information... 

The acronym LASER (Light Amplification via tire Stimulated Emission of Radiation) defines the process of amplification. For all intents and purjDoses tliis metliod was elegantly outlined by Einstein in 1917 [H] wherein he derived a treatment of the dynamic equilibrium of a material in a electromagnetic field absorbing and emitting photons. Key here is tire insight tliat, in addition to absorjDtion and spontaneous emission processes, in an excited system one can stimulate tire emission of a photon by interaction witli tire electromagnetic field. It is tliis stimulated emission process which lays tire conceptual foundation of tire laser. 

NAMD [7] was born of frustration with the maintainability of previous locally developed parallel molecular dynamics codes. The primary goal of being able to hand the program down to the next generation of developers is reflected in the acronym NAMD Not (just) Another Molecular Dynamics code. Specific design requirements for NAMD were to run in parallel on the group s then recently purchased workstation cluster [8] and to use the fast multipole algorithm [9] for efficient full electrostatics evaluation as implemented in DPMTA [10]. 

J nputcitional quantum chemistry is well endowed with acronyms and abbreviations. A list of some ot the more common ones can be found in Appendix 2.1,... 

Quantum chemists have devised efficient short-hand notation schemes to denote the basis set aseti in an ab initio calculation, although this does mean that a proliferation of abbrevia-liijii.s and acronyms are introduced. However, the codes are usually quite simple to under-sland. We shall concentrate on the notation used by Pople and co-workers in their Gaussian aerie-, of programs (see also the appendix to this chapter). 

Bioinformatics is a relatively new discipline that is concerned with the collection, organisatic and analysis of biological data. It is beyond our scope to provide a comprehensive overvie of this discipline a few textbooks and reviews that serve this purpose are now available (s the suggestions for further reading). However, we will discuss some of the main rnethoc that are particularly useful when trying to predict the three-dimensional structure and fum tion of a protein. To help with this. Appendix 10.1 contains a limited selection of some of tf common abbreviations and acronyms used in bioinformatics and Appendix 10.2 lists sorr of the most widely used databases and other resources. 

The notation for denoting this type of calculation is sometimes more specihc. For example, the acronym MCSCF+1+2 means that the calculation is a MRCI calculation with single and double Cl excitations out of an MCSCF reference space. Likewise, CASSCF+1+2 and GVB+1+2 calculations are possible. 

A second issue is the practice of using the same set of exponents for several sets of functions, such as the 2s and 2p. These are also referred to as general contraction or more often split valence basis sets and are still in widespread use. The acronyms denoting these basis sets sometimes include the letters SP to indicate the use of the same exponents for s andp orbitals. The disadvantage of this is that the basis set may suffer in the accuracy of its description of the wave function needed for high-accuracy calculations. The advantage of this scheme is that integral evaluation can be completed more quickly. This is partly responsible for the popularity of the Pople basis sets described below. 

An older, but still used, notation specihes how many contractions are present. For example, the acronym TZV stands for triple-zeta valence, meaning that there are three valence contractions, such as in a 6—311G basis. The acronyms SZ and DZ stand for single zeta and double zeta, respectively. A P in this notation indicates the use of polarization functions. Since this notation has been used for describing a number of basis sets, the name of the set creator is usually included in the basis set name (i.e., Ahlrichs VDZ). If the author s name is not included, either the Dunning-Hay set is implied or the set that came with the software package being used is implied. 

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