Acronyms computer terms

Deciphering the code. The language of computational chemistry is littered with acronyms, what do these abbreviations stand for in terms of underlying assumptions and approximations ... 

A description of investigative methods and approaches used A glossary of terms and acronyms A bibliography Log sheets Computer printouts... 

When dealing with electronic resumes, you often read or hear the term ASCII. This is an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It refers to the way informahon within a text file is saved. Because ASCII is a widely accepted standard (and understood by word processors, text editors, e-mail programs, applicant-tracking programs, etc.), using it increases your chances that the electronic resume you create will be compahble with the computer systems and software in use by potential employers. 

WALTZ-16 is based on an element R = 90J180° x-270°. WALTZ-16 is more effective than MLEV-16, primarily because it includes only 180° phase shifts, not the 90° phase shift inherent in MLEV. To simplify the notation, these pulse cycles are usually abbreviated in terms of multiples of 90° pulses, with a phase inversion denoted by a bar, as in the R,R notation. In these terms the basic WALTZ element R becomes 123 (hence the acronym WALTZ). Permutations of R and R lead to WALTZ-16. Further computer-optimized improvements have been devised and are not restricted to integral multiples of 90° pulses. 

One of the problems that faces the newcomer to the field of computers and computer applications is the bewildering array of new terms, acronyms, and ini-tialisms, such as CPU, RAM, ROM, BIOS, FTP, GUI, HTTP USB, WiFi, LAN, firewall, and TCP/IP Unfortunately, these terms are not often defined even in elementary presentations. Some of the most important terms and abbreviations are defined here others will be defined as they appear later in the chapter. 

The acronym NIRA, or near-infrared analysis, is a term that implies the use of computer algorithms and multivariate data-handling techniques to provide either qualitative or quantitative analysis of a sample (or samples). NIRS includes a single spectral measurement and as such is a more generic definition. For example, an optical engineer involved in the design of a MR instrument would be involved with NIRS but not necessarily NIRA. 

Further approximations of the Hiickel method were removed with the introduction of the complete neglect of differential overlap (CNDO) method, which is a slightly more sophisticated method for dealing with the terms H,k that appear in the secular equations for the coefficients. The introduction of CNDO opened the door to an avalanche of similar but improved methods and their accompanying acronyms, such as intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO), modified neglect of differential overlap (MNDO), and the Austin Model 1 (AMI, version 2 of MINDO). Software for all these procedures is now readily available, and reasonably sophisticated calculations can be run even on handheld computers. 

Software is a program of instmctions to be followed written in terms of a language. A number of computer languages, which have been developed for specific purposes over time, are designated by the following acronyms ... 

CARM is a software package developed by Prof. J.-Y. Chen of UC, Berkeley, that automatically creates reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms starting with a detailed mechanism and a set of input problems representing the conditions under which the mechanism is to be used (Reaction-Engineering-Intemational 2014). CARM is an acronym of Computer Assisted Reduction Method . The output of CARM is a Fortran subroutine that gives the chemical source terms for each species in the reduced mechanism as a function of the temperature, pressure and species mass fractions. This subroutine can be used in a CFD code or in simpler applications such as those associated with the CHEMKIN package. Application of CARM was reported by Sung et al. (2001). 

CRT, the abbreviation for cathode-ray tube, was once a familiar acronym. Before liquid crystal display (LCD) was available, the CRT was the heart of computer monitors and TV sets. The first cathode-ray tube was made by Michael Faraday (1791-1867) about 150 years ago. When he passed electricity through glass tubes from which most of the air had been evacuated, Faraday discovered cathode rays, a type of radiation emitted by the negative terminal or cathode. The radiation crossed the evacuated tube to the positive terminal or anode. Later scientists found that cathode rays travel in straight lines and have properties that are independent of the cathode material (that is, whether it is iron, platinum, and so on). The construction of a CRT is shown in Figure 2-6. The cathode rays produced in the CRT are invisible, and they can be detected only by the light emitted by materials that they strike. These materials, called phosphors, are painted on the end of the CRT so that the path of the cathode rays can be revealed. Fluorescence is the term used to describe the emission of light by a phosphor when it is struck by... 

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