Naming compounds acronyms

Figure 17. Room-temperature proton conductivity of two Dow membranes of different EW values, Nation, two varieties of sulfonated poly (ary lene ether ketone) s (S— PEK and S—PEEKK, unpublished data from the laboratory of one of the authors), and sulfonated poly(phenoxyphos-phazene)s (S—POPs °9 of different equivalent weights (685 and 833 g/equiv), as a function of the degree of hydration n = [H20]/I—SO3H] (number below the compound acronym/ name indicates the EW value).

In studies of organic materials, the materials are usually described by acronyms derived from their chemical names. In the following discussion, we will generally use the nomenclature of the original reference. There are many examples, however, where different acronyms are used for the same compound. There are also examples where the same acronym is used for different compounds. The molecular structures, chemical names, and acronyms of many of the materials described in this chapter are included in the Appendices. 

Figure 1 Environmental arsenic compounds referred to in text and tables by name or acronym. The compounds are depicted in their fuUy protonated form.

Table 4.1 Acronyms Techniques for surfaces and interfaces Table 4.2 Acronyms Surface and interface methodologies Table 4.3 Acronyms and trade names Compounds Table 4.4 Acronyms Miscellaneous Table 4.5 Definitions Miscellaneous...

Completely trivial names continue in use for good reasons, of which an important one is the need for a simple name for frequent communication concerning a commonly encountered compound or structure. For obscure compounds there is surely neither need nor desirability to perpetuate trivial names, and coining new trivial names is almost never justified. Let us, however, consider purine , the trivial name for what might more systematically be named imidazo[5,4-ring system is so important in biochemistry that exclusive use of one of the systematic names would be intolerable. If the name purine were not available, another short trivial name would inevitably be coined, or even an acronym ( IP or TAP ). It is better to retain the name sanctioned by roughly a century of use, and benefit from a link in comprehension with the past. 

Orthosilicates are derivatives of orthosilicic acid Si(OH)4. The most common is tetraethyl orthosilicate Si(OC2H04, often called TEOS, an acronym that also fits the alternative way of naming such a compound, tetraethoxysilane. Thus orthosilicates are actually a sub-set of the larger class of XRSi(OR )3 silanes, where the XR group is also an alkoxy group. The XR and OR groups do not have to be the... 

Thiamine is present in cells as the free form 1, as the diphosphate 2, and as the diphosphate of the hydroxyethyl derivative 3 (Scheme 1) in variable ratio. The component heterocyclic moieties, 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (4) and 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole (5) are also presented in Scheme 1, with the atom numbering. This numbering follows the rules of nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds for the ring atoms, and is arbitrary for the substituents. To avoid the use of acronyms, compound 5 is termed as the thiazole of thiamine or more simply the thiazole. This does not raise any ambiguity because unsubstituted thiazole is encountered in this chapter. Other thiazoles are named after the rules of heterocyclic nomenclature. Pyrimidine 4 is called pyramine, a well established name in the field. A detailed account of the present status of knowledge on the biosynthesis of thiamine diphosphate from its heterocyclic moieties can be found in a review by the authors.1 This report provides only the minimal information necessary for understanding the main part of this chapter (Scheme 2). 

DFDNB is the acronym for an aryl halide-containing compound having the structural names, l,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene or l,3-difluoro-4,6-dinitrobenzene (Thermo Fisher). The reagent... 

Note It is commonplace to use acronyms rather than compound names for matrices. However, these are not always consistently used, e.g., a-CHC, 4-HCCA, CHCA, and CCA all refer to a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Others may be easily confused, e.g., nicotinic acid (NA) and 9-nitroanthracene (9-NA). 

In chemical combination, arsenic can exist in oxidation state III or V and can have a coordination number of 3, 4, 5, or 6. In marine samples, arsenic is mainly found in the V oxidation state, although, usually as a consequence of biological factors, arsenic (III) compounds can also occur and may at times be predominant. The properties and analysis of the various arsenic-containing compounds of significance in marine arsenic research are briefly discussed, and information is provided on their synthesis. For ease of reference, the arsenic compounds frequently mentioned by name (or abbreviation/acronym) are listed in Table IV together with their structure numbers. 

Some compounds are referred to by acronyms, shortened versions of either their systematic or their trivial name. We just saw TNT as an abbreviation for TriNitroToluene but the commoner use for acronyms is to define solvents and reagents in use all the time. Later in the book you will meet these solvents. 

The following reagents are usually referred to by acronym and their functions will be introduced in other chapters so you do not need to learn them now. You may notice that some acronyms refer to trivial and some to systematic names. There is a glossary of acronyms for solvents, reagents and other compounds on page 1513. 

All natural benzoxazinone glycosides reported are D-glucosides of the (substituted) 2-hydroxy-2//-l,4-benzoxazin-3(4i7)-one skeleton as shown in Fig. (1). Usually, several acronyms derived from the rational names are used to name the compounds in papers, as it will be done here. E.g. the... 

PPG [Polypropylene Glycol] Abbreviated to the acronym PPG by the International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient. Polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG-x , where x is the average number of propylene oxide (CjHgO) monomer units (e.g., PPG-10). Esters and ethers of polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG derivatives (e.g., PPG-10 stearate, PPG-10 lauryl ether). These compounds are generally used as emollients, emulsifiers, humectants, or surfactants. 

The adsorbate molecules, considered in this chapter, belong to four homologous series of surfactants. They also comprise polar heads of these surfactants, i.e., organic compounds having the same hydrophilic groups but without hydrocarbon tails. Below listed are all the solute molecules, together with their chemical formulae, the name of the producer (or the method of synthesis), the procedures applied for their purification (or the purity specified by the producer, if used as received), and the acronyms, which will be utilized afterwards ... 

There are two approaches to pulse sequence classification depending on the user s occupation. For the chemist who has to solve a structural question or characterize a new compound it is the spectra obtained from the pulse sequence that is of primary importance. The NMR spectroscopist is usually more concerned with the pulse sequence structure and choice of experimental parameters and whether a particular pulse sequence can be improved or modified to solve a specific problem. These two different approaches lead to confusion in pulse sequence nomenclature such that names are often a combination of the purpose of the experiment and the sequence layout. For example the commonly used acronyms HMQC, HSQC and HMBC imply a consistent abbreviation system yet HMQC and HSQC describe the coherence state during the evolution time whilst HMBC denotes an experiment to correlate nuclei using multiple bond heteronuclear scalar coupling. 

A year later, in 193 8, he discovered a compound related to tabun— isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate — whose potential as a toxic war substance he found to be astonishingly high . The new agent was named sarin, a title invented by Schrader as an acronym of the names of the four key individuals involved in its production Schrader, Ambros, Riidriger and van der Linde. In June 1939 the formula for sarin was passed on to the Wehrmacht s laboratories in Berlin. Tests on animals showed it to be almost ten times as poisonous as tabun. 

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