Common Acronyms

A scanning electron microscope can also be equipped with additional instmmentation for electron-excited x-ray analysis (9). In many systems, this is performed in the mode known as energy dispersive x-ray analysis (edx). Other common acronyms for this method are eds for energy dispersive spectroscopy or edax for energy dispersive analysis of x-rays. 

A common acronym is MFLOPS, millions of floating-point operations per second. Because most scientific computations are limited by the speed at which floating point operations can be performed, this is a common measure of peak computing speed. Supercomputers of 1991 offered peak speeds of 1000 MFLOPS (1 GFLOP) and higher. 

Abbreviations are written in capitals and should be defined the first time that are used. The definition should be repeated in the summary for all but the most common acronyms (e.g., clinical pathology parameters). Proper names, e.g.. Valium, are capitalized, chemical names, e.g., diazepam, are not. Only the first letter of a proper noun is written in capitals, not the entire word. 

An acronym is a word that is formed from the first letters or parts of a series of words. For example, AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), radar (radio detecting and ranging), and scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) are common acronyms. 

Different types of mass sensors discussed in this chapter are summarized in Fig. 4.1 (Grate et al., 1993). It shows the schematics, principal modes of oscillations, and the common acronyms. Their basic properties and sensitivities are summarized in Tables 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. These mass sensors are based on piezoelectric oscillators. More recent additions to mass sensors are microfabricated cantilevers, which do not rely for their operation on the piezoelectric effect. 

TABLE 11.1. Common Acronyms Used to Describe Marine Organic Matter... 

The first method is perhaps the most common, and is exemplified by the condensation shown in Scheme 3 of a 2-alkyl heterocyclic quaternary salt or the corresponding methylene base with a 2-hydroxy unsaturated aldehyde grouping (which usually is part of an aromatic ring, as in salicylaldehyde). These intermediates have given a broad assortment of spiropyran classes. The ready availability of 1.2.3.3.-tetraalkyl-3/f-indoleninium salts and salicylaldehydes has led to a large number of spiro-(2i/-l-benzopyran-2,2 -indolines) [this name will be used in preference to the correct T,3 -dihydrospiro(2//-l-bcnzopyran-2,2 -(2 //(-indole)]. A common acronym for this class, BIPS, will be used in this chapter as both singular and plural. 

The common types of SCF processing and their common acronyms, are ... 

Fig. 7.3 Water-soluble monomers polymerized by ATRP (common acronyms given in brackets).

Common acronyms for specific pulse sequence units... 

Cal ratio Chemical formula Cement chemical notation Chemical name (IUPAC notation) Common acronyms... 

Many variations of the basic homonuclear COSY experiment have been devised to extend its range. A brief guide to some classes of experiment follows, along with a few of the common acronyms. 

A H(detected)- C shift correlation spectrum (common acronym HMQC, for heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, but sometimes also called COSY) is a rapid way to assign peaks from protonated carbons, once the hydrogen peaks are identified. With changes in pulse timings, this can also become the HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity) experiment, where the correlations are made via the... 

This list includes some of the common acronyms used in toxicology and drug development, but every organization invents its own alphabet soup of acronyms, so beware ... 

Appendix 2.1 Some Common Acronyms Used in Computational Quantum Chemistry... 

The AST process receiving the greatest industrial and academic attention by far has been that of emulsion polymerization, and because of the relative importance of the emulsion thickeners, these polymers will be the object of considerable discussion in this review. When conventional ASTs are specifically prepared by this process, alkali-swellable or alkali-soluble emulsions (ASE) are obtained. For conventional ASTs produced by processes other than emulsion polymerization (nonemulsion), the acronym ASNE has been adopted herein. The associative ASTs have analogous designations. HASE is the common acronym for hydrophobically modified, alkali-swellable or alkali-soluble emulsion, and HASNE is the adopted acronym for the associative nonemulsion thickeners. The family of AST polymers reflecting this classification scheme is shown in Figure 2. 

TABLE 28.1 Some Common Acronyms in Thin-Film Technology ... 

Written in everyday language, it clearly describes employees roles and responsibilities regarding every element of hazard communication and the Global Harmonized System (GHS). It even goes beyond the regulations to provide practical information on labeling. Safety Data Sheets, common acronyms and abbreviations, and day-to-day best practices. 

Some less common acronyms for laser SNMS are also used, such as sputter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy (SIRIS) [287] and surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) [288]. 

Common hypergolic fuels used in spacecraft are hydrazine, monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH). Hydrazine (NH -NKj), with a density close to that of water (1004 kg.m ), gives the best performance as a rocket fuel, but its high melting point (m.p. 1.4°C) combined with a poor thermal stability prevent its use as an engine coolant. Methyl hydrazine also called commercially monomethyl hydrazine (CHj-NH-NH ) referred to by the common acronym (MMH) is lighter (866 kg.m" ) and more heat-resistant than... 

The lower case letter -a- is added to identify isomers, the normal isomer in any number has the smallest mass difference on each carbon, and a, b, or c are added as the masses diverge from normal. Originally, halogenated alkanes that contained chlorine and fluorine were all referred to as chlorofluorocarbons under the common acronym, CFCs. Today, the group is... 

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