Acronyms of Techniques

Atomic absorption (spectrometry) Atomic composition mass spectrometry Alternating DSC Angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy cfr. ARXPS) 

Acoustic emission Atomic emission detection Analytical electron microscopy (1) Atomic emission spectrometry (2) Auger electron spectroscopy (3) Acoustic emission spectroscopy Acoustic emission technology Atomic force acoustic microscopy 

Atomic force microscopy Atomic fluorescence spectrometry All-glass heated inlet system SIMS on etched Ag substrates Acousto-optical tuneable Alter Acousto-optical tuneable spectrometer/scanning Atom probe 

Atmospheric pressure ionisation Atmospheric pressiue MALDI Appearance potential spectroscopy 

ARXPS Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy cfr. ADXPS) 

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Ibble 15-2. Abbreviations and acronyms of techniques and important terms used in analytical chemistry. ... 

The listing of techniques in Table Vlll-1 is not a static one. It is expanded over what it was a few years ago and is continuing to expand. Try, in an imaginative yet serious manner, to suggest techniques not listed in the table. Explain what their values might be and, of course, propose a suitable acronym for each. 

This glossary lists all the acronyms referred to in the encyclopedia together with their meanings. The major technique acronyms are listed alphabetically. Alternatives to these acronyms are listed immediately below each of these entries, if they exist. Related acronyms (variations or subsets of techniques terminology used within the technique area) are grouped together below the major acronym and indented to the right. Most, but not all, of the techniques listed here are the subject of individual articles in this volume. 

Because the various types of particle can appear in both primary excitation and secondary emission, most authors and reviewers have found it convenient to group the techniques in a matrix, in which the columns refer to the nature of the exciting particle and the rows to the nature of the emitted particle [1.1-1.9]. Such a matrix of techniques is given in Tab. 1.1., which uses the acronyms now accepted. The meanings of the acronyms, together with some of the alternatives that have appeared in the literature, are given in Listing 1. 

The novelty of (9) is that the net homonuclear dipolar dephasing can be controlled by a systematic variation of the number of the Ho, Hi, and Hi blocks. This technique has the acronym of PITHIRDS-CT [55] and has the virtues that the effect of T2 is identical for all data points and that the rf field of all the pulses is only 1.67 times the spinning frequency. The only experimental concern is that very stable spinning or active rotor synchronization may be required for the implementation of PITHIRDS-CT. 

Table 13.2 Acronyms for techniques used in the study of isocyanide adsorption on metal surfaces.

The incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment (INADEQUATE) was proposed by Ray Freeman in 1980.1 2 The acronym of this remarkable technique sat high among the many NMR acronyms since, at the time of its birth, it accurately described all its attributes. INADEQUATE was seen as an incredible experiment with vast potential its widespread applications are dwarfed only by its inadequate sensitivity. Depending on the equipment available, an ovemight-to-weekend INADEQUATE experiment on a medium-sized molecule would typically require hundreds of milligrams of sample. Only recently have such unfavourable requirements been addressed with advent of cryogenically cooled probes. Now, INADEQUATE experiments using samples of 5-10 mg have become realistic propositions. 

A wide range of techniques have been developed to study surfaces in vacuum, and many techniques are commonly referred to by acronyms. Table I lists acronyms and brief descriptions of most common techniques used in surface science. 

Many other pulse-sequence techniques besides COSY can be used to produce multidimensional NMR spectra. It will suffice here to simply list the acronyms of some of the better known methods EXSY (exchange spectroscopy), NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy), TOCS Y (total correlation spectroscopy), ROESY (rotational nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy). The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) refers to a change in intensity of one NMR peak when another peak is irradiated. 

The supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation has also been proposed in various arrangements and under various acronyms. This technique is based on the use of SC-CO2 as the antisolvent to precipitate the solid solute from a liquid solution. The prerequisites for the success of this technique are the complete solubility of the... 

Techniques for the Ionization of Molecules The measurability of molecules by MSI is enabled through the local desorption and ionization of the molecules from a surface. In theory, all types of molecules that can undergo these two chemical processes can be measured. Many techniques have been developed or adapted to achieve desorption and ionization of molecules from surfaces, but three different desorption/ioniza-tion techniques made their way to commercially available products. The acronyms of these technologies are desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), MALDI, and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The principles of these three methods and a comparison of their possibilities and limitations are outlined throughout this section and summarized in Figure 1 and Table 2, respectively. 

These three elements were all first synthesized by the cold fusion method at GSI, Darmstadt, using a very sophisticated set of techniques. For element 107 (1981) an accelerated beam of ionized Cr atoms was made to impinge on a thin ° Bi foil the reaction recoils were separated in flight from the incoming beam and from the unwanted products of transfer reactions by a velocity filter consisting of a combination of magnetic and electric fields. This facility is known by the acronym SHIP,... 

From the above descriptions, it becomes apparent that one can include a wide variety of techniques under the label diffraction methods . Table B 1.21.1 lists many techniques used for surface stmctural determination, and specifies which can be considered diffraction methods due to their use of wave interference (table Bl.21.1 also explains many technique acronyms commonly used in surface science). The diffraction methods range from the classic case of XRD and the analogous case of FEED to much more subtle cases like XAFS (listed as both SEXAFS (surface extended XAFS) and NEXAFS (near-edge XAFS) in the table). 

A variety of techniques are necessary to characterize nanomaterials. Often these techniques are referred to using acronyms. For each acronym listed below, provide the full name and a brief description of the technique APS, ATR-FTIR, BET, DLS, SEM, SMPS, TEM, XPS, and XRD. 

Surface analysis uses different techniques to probe the surface leading to a response, an analytical signal serving as a source of analytical information. The probe/ response combinations used in surface analysis include electrons, ions, photons, neutrals, heat, and electric field. Practically all combinations may form the basis of techniques used in surface analysis and so their list is rather long and should by no means be considered to be complete. This is also due to fact that very subde variations of a technique sometimes become known by their own name and acronym. Some of these acronyms are listed in the Appendix, Section 13.6. 

This final chapter will present a number of applications and scenarios for using parametric sound synthesis. If you re reading this chapter first (recommended) after the book introduction, don t worry if you don t understand all of the acronyms and techniques this first time. Just read to get a quick idea of the possibilities for coupling parametric soimd synthesis to user interfaces, animation. Virtual Reality, and games. Then the second time you read it, after reading the whole book, it will all make more sense. 

This chapter summarizes the principles of some of the many spectroscopic techniques that are available for the analysis or study of aspects of adhesive bonding science and technology. As indicated in Table 1, there are dozens of techniques and new acronyms appear almost on a daily basis. The number of instrumental spectroscopies available today to the scientist is bewildering, especially the many techniques for surface characterization. Therefore, it is likely that some techniques have been missed, although it was attempted to cover them all, at least in Table 1. The choice of techniques from that listing that were actually discussed in this chapter had to be limited and was in some cases somewhat arbitrary and subjective. However, some emphasis was put on techniques that can be used in the study of the science of adhesive bonding technology. Techniques for routine analysis, e.g., NMR or the various mass spectrometries, were not discussed in depth. 

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a relatively new atomic emission spectroscopy technique that uses a pulsed laser as the excitation sonrce. LIBS is also referred to as laser spark spectroscopy (LASS) and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy, with the unfortunate acronym of LIPS. The technique was developed in the early 1960s, after the invention of the laser, but the high cost and large size of lasers and spectrometers made this a specialized research tool until the 1990s. The early development of LIBS is covered in the reference by Myers et al. Recent advances... 

Most of the extraction techniques of phenolic compounds from vegetables are based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [27,44,45], In addition, other techniques have been successfully applied to the pretreatment of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables, including pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [46], solid-phase extraction (SPE) [47], supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [48], microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [49], rotary shaker-assisted extraction (RAE), [50] and QuEChERS (acronym of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) [51], as can be observed in Tables 16.3 and 16.4. In some cases, an acid treatment [52] was applied to hydrolyze the glycosides in order to determine the content of free and conjugated flavonoids as aglycons. 

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