Nomenclature acronyms

Specific polymers discussed in this chapter and the type of column used for their characterization are summarized in Table 20.1. The polymers are categorized as nonionic, anionic, or cationic. The nomenclature (acronyms) used for the different polymer types are also listed in Table 20.1. 

We make one important note here regarding nomenclature. Early explanations of CIDNP invoked an Overhauser-type mechanism, implying a dynamic process similar to spin relaxation hence the word dynamic m the CIDNP acronym. This is now known to be incorrect, but the acronym has prevailed in its infant fomi. 

The acronym SEC refers to the case where the reference wave function is of the MCSCF type and tire correlation energy is calculated by an MR-CISD procedure. When the reference is a single determinant (HE) the SAC nomenclature is used. In the latter case the correlation energy may be calculated for example by MP2, MP4 or CCSD, producing acronyms like MP2-SAC, MP4-SAC and CCSD-SAC. In the SEC/SAC procedure the scale factor F is assumed constant over the whole surface. If more than one dissociation channel is important, a suitable average F may be used. 

Thiamine is present in cells as the free form 1, as the diphosphate 2, and as the diphosphate of the hydroxyethyl derivative 3 (Scheme 1) in variable ratio. The component heterocyclic moieties, 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (4) and 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole (5) are also presented in Scheme 1, with the atom numbering. This numbering follows the rules of nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds for the ring atoms, and is arbitrary for the substituents. To avoid the use of acronyms, compound 5 is termed as the thiazole of thiamine or more simply the thiazole. This does not raise any ambiguity because unsubstituted thiazole is encountered in this chapter. Other thiazoles are named after the rules of heterocyclic nomenclature. Pyrimidine 4 is called pyramine, a well established name in the field. A detailed account of the present status of knowledge on the biosynthesis of thiamine diphosphate from its heterocyclic moieties can be found in a review by the authors.1 This report provides only the minimal information necessary for understanding the main part of this chapter (Scheme 2). 

The names are a heterogeneous collection—inventors, companies, institutions, places, acronyms, abbreviations, and obvious corruptions of the chemical nomenclature. Derivations, where known, are indicated in square brackets [ ]. The names of chemicals used in the entries are the traditional names commonly used in industry today. 

The nomenclature of zeolites is rather arbitrary and follows no obvious rules because every producer of synthetic zeolites uses his/her own acronyms for the materials. However, as mentioned before, at least the structure types of the different zeolites have a unique code. For example, FAU represents Faujasite-type zeolites, LTA Linde Type A zeolites, MFI Mobile Five, and BEA Zeolite Beta. The structure commission of the International Zeolite Association (IZA) is the committee granting the respective three-letter codes [4], Some typical zeolites, which are of importance as catalysts in petrochemistry, will be described in the following sections. 

There is no systematic nomenclature developed for molecular sieve materials. The discoverer of a synthehc species based on a characteristic X-ray powder diffraction pattern and chemical composihon typicaUy assigns trivial symbols. The early syn-thehc materials discovered by Milton, Breck and coworkers at Uruon Carbide used the modem Lahn alphabet, for example, zeoHtes A, B, X, Y, L. The use of the Greek alphabet was inihated by Mobil and Union Carbide with the zeoHtes alpha, beta, omega. Many of the synthetic zeoHtes which have the structural topology of mineral zeoHte species were assigned the name of the mineral, for example, syn-thehc mordenite, chabazite, erionite and offretite.The molecular sieve Hterature is replete with acronyms ZSM-5, -11, ZK-4 (Mobil), EU-1, FU-1, NU-1 (ICI), LZ-210, AlPO, SAPO, MeAPO, etc. (Union Carbide, UOP) and ECR-1 (Exxon). The one pubHcaHon on nomenclature by lUPAC in 1979 is Hmited to the then-known zeoHte-type materials [3]. 

In recent years luminescence nomenclature has become confusing within the literature and in practice. Luminescence involves both phosphorescence and fluorescence phenomena. While luminescence is the appropriate term when the specific photochemical mechanism is unknown, fluorescence is far more prevalent in practice. Moreover, the acronym LIE has historically inferred laser -induced fluorescence however, in recent years it has evolved to the more general term light -induced fluorescence due to the various light sources found within laboratory and real-time instruments. Within this chapter fluorescence and LIE are interchangeable terms. 

Originally the various natural representatives had been designated by capital letters, but later a nomenclature system was proposed 110). In short, the indices and modifications as listed in Table 6 (p = 0 means that the entire fourth diami-noalkane-succinyl unit is missing) are grouped around the acronym pFO. The system is essentially self-explanatory for details and possible extensions see the original publication. 

Various degrees and kinds of unsaturation are possible. Unsaturation may be cumulative (which means that there are at least three contiguous carbon atoms joined by double bonds, C=C=C) or non-cumulative (which is another arrangement of two or more double bonds, as in -C=C-C=C-). In nomenclature, unsaturated cyclic parent hydrides have, by convention, the maximum number of non-cumulative double bonds. They are generically referred to as mancudes — derived from the acronym MANCUD, the MAximum Number of non-CUmulative Double bonds. Four classes of cyclic parent hydride are therefore recognised ... 

We report here plasma etch rate data for a series of vinyl resist polymers with a wide range of side chain substituents. The results of this study are valuable because they provide, when combined with other radiation chemical test data. Improved design criteria for making improved high performance radiation resists. Structural fomulae and chemical nomenclature plus acronyms for the vinyl polymer systems studied are compiled below ... 

Owing to the wide utility of the perfluoroalkyl chains (CH2)x(CF2)yF, the shortcut Rf>,hx has been introduced to symbolize these substituents in chemical formulae (Curran, 1996). For compounds with established acronyms, it has been proposed to use the prefix z-HxFy to designate a substituent of this type in z position relative to the main functional group (Kainz et al., 1997). Both types of nomenclatures will be used in this chapter if appropriate. 

Some specific reagents of importance to this review are shown in Table I and are identified with names commonly used in the literature selected acronyms are also given. The reader is alerted, however, that while some acronyms (HTIB, IBX, DMP) appear to have gained general acceptance, others depend on the nomenclature preferences of individual authors. For example, PhI(OAc)2 is variously designated in the literature as DAIB, DIB, BAIB, IBD, PID, PIA, and PIDA. Acronyms for PhI(OCOCF3)2 include BTIB, BTI, IBTA, and most commonly PIFA [i.e., for phenyliodosyl- or phenyiodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate)]. 

The chemical and physical properties of many of the /2-diketonate and ketoiminate complexes found in the literature are presented in Table V, and a summary of the abbreviations of the /3-diketones and ketoimines used in the literature and in this paper is given in Table VI. The reader should be aware that the original authors nomenclature is used in Table V e. g., Ca(dpm)2, Ba4(tmhd)8, and Ba2(thd)4(N H3)2 are all compounds that contain the same /3-diketonate (2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate). This may seem confusing at first. However, since there is no consensus on the acronyms to use for these ligands, one is liable to come across all the permutations listed in Table VI in the literature, and it seems appropriate to introduce them here. Since many methods have been used to prepare the... 

Nomenclature the main names and acronyms used in MS/MS are listed below [4,5]... 

In studies of organic materials, the materials are usually described by acronyms derived from their chemical names. In the following discussion, we will generally use the nomenclature of the original reference. There are many examples, however, where different acronyms are used for the same compound. There are also examples where the same acronym is used for different compounds. The molecular structures, chemical names, and acronyms of many of the materials described in this chapter are included in the Appendices. 

Other entries in the following sources can also be used in their unabbreviated or acronym forms, botti in the text and in formulae instead of exphcitly drawn structures List of Radical Names in lUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979 Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, p. 305-322 (http //www.acdlabs.com/iupac/ nomenclature/79/r79 1036.htm) Acronyms and abbreviations in the general section of lUPAC Gold Book (htQ) // goldbook.iupac.org/list s.html). 

These derivatives were described as uronium salts by analogy with phosphonium salts, but X-ray analysis demonstrated that HBTU, HATU, and HAPyU crystahize as aminium salts (guanidinium A-oxides) rather than uronium salts.t NMR studies of HAPyU in solution show the same structure as that observed in the crystahine form.P This discovery changes the nomenclature of these compounds, but their acronyms are unchanged, and they are described in the literature as uronium or aminium salts without discrimination. HBTU should be reformulated as A-[(l//-benzotriazol-l-yl)(dimethylamino)methylene]-A-methyl-methanaminium hexafluorophosphate A-oxide, HATU as A-[(dimethylamino)(l//-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-l-yl)methylene]-A-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate A-oxide, and HAPyU as 0-(7-azabenzotriazol-l-yl)-A,A,A, A -bis(tetramethylene)uronium hexafluorophosphate. 

Industrial polyethylenes are commonly classified and named using acronyms that incorporate resin density or molecular weight. lUPAC names are not typically used. In a few cases, copolymers are named using abbreviations for the comonomer employed. Nomenclature typically used for industrial polyethylenes will be discussed in this section. (Molecular weight will be discussed in section 1.4.)... 

A short remark about the relevance of HMQC and HMBC experiments and nomenclatures should be done here. Initially, Bax et al. [9] introduced the HMQC technique for specific editing of H- C pairs correlated by direct V( C, H) couplings. The HMBC technique was proposed subsequently by Bax and Summers [11] to edit specifically multiple bond correlations through "/( C, H) couplings (n = 2 and 3), which explains the HMBC acronym. From the point of view of the pulse sequence the introduction of the low-pass filter, which consists of a supplementary 90° pulse and an extended phase cycle, is... 

The Glossary (Appendix A) contains nearly 3,000 technical terms and acronyms, with coverage of most areas that are related to drug discovery, extending to trials and licensing. There is an emphasis on the specialized nomenclature of material related to drug receptors and molecular biology. 

PPG [Polypropylene Glycol] Abbreviated to the acronym PPG by the International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient. Polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG-x , where x is the average number of propylene oxide (CjHgO) monomer units (e.g., PPG-10). Esters and ethers of polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG derivatives (e.g., PPG-10 stearate, PPG-10 lauryl ether). These compounds are generally used as emollients, emulsifiers, humectants, or surfactants. 

The systematic approach for naming dicarboxylic acids (alkanes with carboxylic acids on either end) is the same as for carboxylic acids, except that the suffix is -dioic acid. Common name Nomenclature of dicarboxylic acids is aided by the acronym OMSGAP (Om s Gap), where each letter stands for the first letter of the first seven names for each dicarboxylic acid, starting from the simplest. 

The Nomenclature section defines the variables and special characters as well as the acronyms used in the book. The reader is cautioned that, given the breadth of the subjects covered, to sustain a consistent nomenclature in the book and still be able to maintain fidelity to the traditional (historical) use of nomenclature for various techniques is a difficult if not an impossible task. Yet, the use of various indices and variable definitions should be clear within the context of each technique, and every attempt is made to eliminate potential conflicts. In addition, given the uniqueness of web and... 

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