Vehicle applications

The use of activated carbon canisters in the control of running loss evaporative emissions will be presented through the use of an example vehicle application. In this example, the vehicle to be studied is a representative standard size sedan equipped with a 3.0 liter, V6 engine and a 72 liter (18 gallon) fuel tank. The vehicle is assumed to have an evaporative emission control system similar to the one presented in Section 3. 

Frickcr, N. and Parkyns, N.D., "Adsorbed Natural Gas for Road Vehicle Applications", 3 " Biennial International Conference and Exhibition of Natural Gas Vehicles, International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1992... 

In contrast with the AFC, the PAFC can demonstrate reliable operation with 40 percent to 50 percent system efficiency even when operating on low quality fuels, such as waste residues. This fuel flexibility is enabled by higher temperature operation (200°C vs. 100°C for the AFC) since this raises electro-catalyst tolerance toward impurities. Flowever, the PAFC is still too heavy and lacks the rapid start-up that is nec-essaiy for vehicle applications because it needs preheating to 100°C before it can draw a current. This is unfortunate because the PAFC s operating temperature would allow it to thermally integrate better with a methanol reformer. 

Borrom-Bird, C. E. (1996). Fuel Cell Commercialization Issues for Light-Duty Vehicle Applications." JournsI of Power Sources 61 33 8. 

Hydrogen onboard storage systems for vehicles are bulkier, heavier, and costlier than those for liquid fuels or compressed natural gas, but are less bulky and less hca than presently envisaged electric batteries. Even with these constraints, it appears that hydrogen could be stored at acceptable cost, weight, and volume for vehicle applications. This is true because hydrogen can be used so efficiently that relatively little fuel is needed onboard to travel a long distance. 

M. Eskra, P. Eidler, R. Miles, Zinc-bromine battery development for electric vehicle applications, Proc. 24 h hit. Symp. Automotive technology and Automation, Florence, 1991. 

K. Tatsumi, A. Mabuchi, N. lwashita, H. Sa-kaebe, H. Shioyama, H. Fujimoto, S. Higuchi, in Batteries and Fuel Cells for Stationary and Electric Vehicle Applications (Eds A. R. Landgrebe, Z. Takehara) Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1993, PV 93-8, p. 64. 

Emission control from heavy duty diesel engines in vehicles and stationary sources involves the use of ammonium to selectively reduce N O, from the exhaust gas. This NO removal system is called selective catalytic reduction by ammonium (NH3-SGR) and it is additionally used for the catalytic oxidation of GO and HGs.The ammonia primarily reacts in the SGR catalytic converter with NO2 to form nitrogen and water. Excess ammonia is converted to nitrogen and water on reaction with residual oxygen. As ammonia is a toxic substance, the actual reducing agent used in motor vehicle applications is urea. Urea is manufactured commercially and is both ground water compatible and chemically stable under ambient conditions [46]. 

The development of an SCR system for vehicle applications requires precise calibration of the amount of urea injected as a function of the quantity of NO emitted by the engine, exhaust temperature and catalyst characteristics. Although model simulations can help in the control, it is necessary to use specific NO sensors which, however, still have problems of sensitivity and transient response. Installing a clean-up catalyst for ammonia would provide more latitude and obtain higher NO conversion ratios without re-emission of ammonia into the atmosphere. 

Test cells using the above graphite materials were evaluated in PC-based electrolytes. For this work, the hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test was performed on cells with the different graphite anodes and PC-based electrolytes to evaluate their high power capabilities. These electrochemical experiments indicate that cells containing the surface-modified natural graphite can meet the power requirement set by the FreedomCar partnership for the hybrid vehicle applications. 

In conclusion, the surface modified natural graphite has good performance in PC based electrolyte and also meets the power requirements for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. Surface carbon coated natural graphite SLC1015 is a very promising material in high power Li-ion batteries with lower cost, reasonable safety, and low irreversible capacity. 

Burke, A.F. and Gardiner, M. Hydrogen Storage Options Technologies and Comparisons for Light-duty Vehicle Applications, Research Report UCD-ITS-RR-05-01, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, 2005. 

Recent developments in three-way catalyst (TWC) technology may have potential to decrease the amount of rhodium needed in TWC formulations. Current TWC formulations contain platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh). The amount of Rh used in the TWCs, that have desired durability, is considerably higher than the mine ratio of Pt/Rh of 17-19. For large scale vehicle application, it is necessary to find ways to minimize the use of this scarce material. Recent findings show that improved net NOx activity, with minimum NH-j formation, is accomplished by the... 

Today s rapidly increasing activities on hydrogen focus mostly on vehicle applications and less on stationary applications. For fuel cells, stationary applications are also relevant, but natural gas will be the dominant fuel here. The dominance of the transport sector is also reflected in the hydrogen roadmaps developed, among others, in the EU, the USA, Japan, or at an international level. Whereas in the beginning, onsite or decentralised production options based on fossil fuels or electricity are seen as the major option for hydrogen production, later on central production options will dominate the market. Here, several options could play a role, from coal, with carbon capture and sequestration, through natural gas and renewables (wind, biomass) to nuclear. A C02-free or lean vision can be identified in every roadmap. The cost... 

F. Panik, "Fuel Cells for Vehicle Application in Cars - Bringing the Future Closer," J. Power Sources, 71, 36-38, 1998. 

H2 is preferable for a closed environment such as space vehicle application. There are sources of H2-rich gases, such as an off-gas at a chemical plant, that require only fuel cleaning. Fuel flexibility is not applicable in either case. 

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