Heavy-duty diesel

Owing to its properties, methanol is not recommended for aircraft or marine fuel uses. Methanol caimot be used in conventional diesel-powered vehicles without modifications to the fuel system and engine. Simple methanol—diesel blends are not possible because of insolubiUty. Heavy-duty diesel engines have been adapted to use neat methanol by many U.S. manufacturers, and several are being used in field demonstrations (82) (see Alcohol fuels). 

Heavy-duty diesel engines can also be modified to operate on neat methanol. Emissions of NO and particulates are generaHy lower than the original engine. These types of engines have typicaHy been used in urban buses to help reduce ambient poHution levels. 

SAE 780 tin, silicon, and copper alloy, and SAE 770 using tin, copper, and nickel are aluminum alloys which have been widely used in medium- and heavy-duty diesels (6). With siUcon and cadmium incorporated for improved compatibiUty, both SAE 781 and 782 are used as an 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm overlay on a steel backing with a thin electroplated babbitt overlay. Traditional 6% tin—aluminum is also used as the SAE 780 alloy with an overlay. Eleven percent siUcon alloys are used for highly loaded diesel bearings in Europe. 

CE Service typical of certain turbocharged or supercharged heavy-duty diesel engines operating under both low speed-high load and high speed-low load conditions. Oils designed for this service must also meet the requirements specified for CC and CD classifications. 

Variations of flame temperatures with exhaust-gas recirculation. Flame temperature maps are obtained by processing images obtained from a combustion chamber of a heavy-duty diesel engine using two-color pyrometry. Images are taken at 2° after the TDC at 1200rpm low-load condition. 

The future of Cl engines will be significantly influenced by the efforts to develop clean diesel concepts. In the context of heavy-duty diesel engines, increasing... 

Jacobs, T., Filipi. Z., and Assanis, D., The Impact of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance and Emissions of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine, SAE, 2003-01-1068, 2003. 

Emission control from heavy duty diesel engines in vehicles and stationary sources involves the use of ammonium to selectively reduce N O, from the exhaust gas. This NO removal system is called selective catalytic reduction by ammonium (NH3-SGR) and it is additionally used for the catalytic oxidation of GO and HGs.The ammonia primarily reacts in the SGR catalytic converter with NO2 to form nitrogen and water. Excess ammonia is converted to nitrogen and water on reaction with residual oxygen. As ammonia is a toxic substance, the actual reducing agent used in motor vehicle applications is urea. Urea is manufactured commercially and is both ground water compatible and chemically stable under ambient conditions [46]. 

Koebel, M., Elsener, M., Krocher, O., et al. (2004) NOx Reduction in the Exhaust of Mobile Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines by Urea-SCR, Topics Catal., 30/31, 43. 

Schar, C.M., Onder, C.H., Geering, H.P., et al. (2003) Control of a Urea SCR Catalytic Converter System for a Mobile Heavy Duty Diesel Engine, SAE Technical Paper Series 2003-01-0776. 

Construction vehicles, heavy duty diesel engine oils for, 15 233-235 Consultants, for market or marketing research studies, 15 631, 633 Consultative Committee on Thermometry (CIPM), 24 436... 

Tables 13.2 and 13.3 show the European emission standards for passenger cars and for heavy-duty diesel engines.

Also for the case of heavy-duty diesel engines, a substantial reduction in the emissions of O, and PM is required in the near future. 

Table 13.3 EU emission standards for heavy-duty diesel engines (gkw- h- ) (smoke in m ).

The ammonia SCR for heavy-duty diesel engines has been commercialized by Daimler since 2005 in Europe and the USA under the trade name Bluetec as an after-treatment system able to satisfy the Euro IV and Euro V emission standards. 

Concerning the application of the urea SCR technology to the abatement of NO emissions from vehicles, although the first commercialization for heavy-duty diesel... 

Barry, E. G., L. J. McCabe, D. H. Gerke, and J. M. Perez. 1985. Heavy-duty diesel engine/fuels combustion performance and emissions A cooperative research program. Report No. 852078. Warrendale, Pa. Society of Automotive Engineers. 

Rogge, W. F., L. M. Hildemann, M. A. Mazurek, G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit, Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and Catalyst-Equipped Automobiles and Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 636-651 (1993a). 

M. Gautam, D. H. Ferguson, G. R. Neuroth, and K. D. Stevens, Characterization of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Emissions, Atmos. Environ., 28, 731-743 (1994). 

K. Gragg, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Particulate-, Semi-volatile-, and Gas-Phase-Associated Compounds in Diluted Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhausts A Comparison of Three Different Semi-volatile-Phase Samplers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 332-338 (1991). 

Dreher, D. B., and R. A. Harley, A Fuel-Based Inventory for Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Emissions, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 48, 352-358 (1998). 

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