Vehicles, road

Several alternative methods have been considered in order to increase the energy density of natural gas and facilitate its use as a road vehicle fuel. It can be dissolved in organic solvents, contained in a molecular cage (clathrate), and it may be adsorbed in a porous medium. The use of solvents has been tested experimentally but there has been little improvement so far over the methane density obtained by simple compression. Clathrates of methane and water, (methane hydrates) have been widely investigated but seem to offer little advantage over ANG [4]. Theoretical comparison of these storage techniques has been made by Dignam [5]. In practical terms, ANG has shown the most promise so far of these three alternatives to CNG and LNG. 

Frickcr, N. and Parkyns, N.D., "Adsorbed Natural Gas for Road Vehicle Applications", 3 " Biennial International Conference and Exhibition of Natural Gas Vehicles, International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1992... 

Addresses the instruction, training and certification of drivers of road vehicles used for the carriage of dangerous goods. 

SI 1999/2978 Road Vehicles (Brake Linings Safety) Regulations... 

HS(Gj 161 The carnage of dangerous goods explained - Part 2 Guidance for road vehicle operators and others... 

The chapter on Radioactive chemicals (Chapter 11) has been updated. Considerations of safety in design (Chapter 12) are presented separately from systems of work requirements, i.e. Operating procedures (Chapter 13). Tlie considerations for Marketing and transportation of hazardous chemicals are now addressed in two separate chapters (Chapters 14 and 15). Chemicals and the Environment are now also covered in two chapters (Chapters 16 and 17) to reflect the requirement that the impact of chemicals on the environment should be properly assessed, monitored and controlled. Although a substantial contribution to atmospheric pollution is made by emissions from road vehicles and other means of transport, and this is now strictly legislated for, this topic is outside the scope of this text. Chapter 18 provides useful conversion factors to help with the myriad of units used internationally. 

Reliability analysis of fluid handling practices, ship to shore, and store to road vehicles and pipelines... 

Measurement of performance. Quality Management requires that measures of performance be established for every activity. These measures include end-of-pipe measurement, such as amounts of material released into the environment or injury rates, and in-process measures of how efficiently you are managing, such as time to review safety improvement proposals or total resources expended on PSM. Each team should be required to identify potential performance measures for the processes they are developing and the activities these processes manage. Many of the end-of-pipe measures will already exist these should be critically examined to ensure that they truly measure performance and are not unduly influenced by other factors. For example, the number of accidents in a fleet of road vehicles is almost directly dependent on the number of miles driven with no improvement in performance, a reduction in miles driven would reduce the number of accidents. 

National nitrogen oxide emissions by source category, 1997. Electric utilities and "on-road vehicles" account for more than half of the NO emissions. Total NO emissions for 1997 were 21.4 million metric tons. 

Sovran, G. Morel, T. and Mason, W. T., Jr. (1978). Aerodynamic Drag Mechanisms ofBluft Bodies and Road Vehicles. New York Plenum Press. 

Cadle, S. H. Gorse, R. A. and Lawson, D. R. (1993). Real-World Vehicle Emissions A Summaiy ot the Third Annual CRC-APRAC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 43(S) 1084—1090. 

The most well-known propulsion efficiency is the amount of energy (fuel) required to move a vehicle a certain distance against opposing forces. Efficiencies of road vehicles, for instance, arc usually measured in miles per gallon. 

Richard Trevithick demonstrates first successful steam-piowered road vehicle in Cornwall, England. 

Aluminised steel produced by hot dipping is used in the construction of parts of many exhaust systems of road vehicles. Failure of some of these exhausts does take place well within the expected two-year average life. This arises in the rear end of the exhaust where dew point corrosion occurs on the inside of the system. Acid dew of pH 2.7-3.1 is produced in the exhaust gases at temperatures below 48°C and this concentrates as the system eventually heats up towards 100°C. The aluminised coating is attacked at weak positions, e.g. where holes have been punched and the aluminium does not completely coat the steel. Eventually, the aluminium coating is undermined and the steel severely attacked. It is estimated that the use of aluminium coatings can increase the life of unprotected steel by at least 12%. 

Locomotive diesels As larger volumes of coolant are required in railway locomotives than in road vehicles, the cost of inhibition is proportionally greater. An additional factor is the possibility of cavitation attack of cylinder liners. These considerations place a restriction on the choice of inhibitors. In the past, chromates have been used at concentrations of up to 0-4%, but their use presents handling and disposal problems. Chromates cannot be used with ethanediol antifreeze solutions. A IS I borate-metasilicate at a concentration of 1 % has been used in the UK. Nitrate is added to this to improve inhibition of aluminium alloy corrosion. Tannins and soluble oils are also used, but probably to a lesser extent than in the past. The benzoate-nitrite formulation (formerly BS 3151) is effective and has been used by continental railways . ... 

General rules for corrosion tests applicable to storage conditions Filiform corrosion test on steel Liquefied petroleum gases-corrosiveness to copper. Copper strip test Road vehicles-brake linings-resistance to water, saline solution, oil and brake fluid-test procedure... 

Road vehicles-brake linings-seizure to ferrous mating surfaces due to corrosion-test procedure... 

Electric road vehicles have been reduced to insignificance, as mentioned already by, vehicles with combustion engines. Another electric vehicle — the electrically driven submarine — presented a continuous challenge to lead-acid battery separator development since the 1930s and 1940s. The wood veneers originally used in electric vehicles proved too difficult to handle, especially if tall cells had to be manufactured. Therefore much intense effort took place to develop the first plastic separators. In this respect the microporous hard rubber separator, still available today in a more advanced version, and a micro-porous PVC separator (Porvic I) merit special mention 28]. For the latter a molten blend of PVC, plasticizer and starch was rolled into a flat product. In a lengthy pro-... 

The final authority on the durability of catalysts is performance in road vehicles. Such data have been rapidly accumulated by the various automobile manufacturers in recent months. This data takes into consideration all the accidents of everyday usage, serving to test how much abuse the catalyst can withstand and still perform its duty. Experience has shown that fresh oxidation and reduction catalysts by a large variety of formulations from many manufacturers would indeed perform their duty. Many oxidation catalysts perform well enough at 25,000 accumulated miles to satisfy the requirement of 0.41 g hydrocarbon/mile and 3.4 g CO/mile, but few would perform well enough at 50,000 miles without maintenance and adjustment of the engine. Many such vehicle endurance tests have to be terminated because of malfunction of the engine or the auxiliary equipment. 

Vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD) have been used since 1970. At the start they were in the form of single-digit round tubes, then multidigit tubes were developed, followed by flat multidigit panels.27 These devices are now used in a wide range of applications, including audio and video equipment, home electronics, office equipment, and in road vehicles.28... 

In the wake of growing numbers of motor vehicles, the problem is likely to become more acute in the future. Many Asian cities within the more prosperous economics had already tripled or quadrupled in the number of passenger cars over the last 10-15 years. In Bangkok, for example, the number of road vehicles grew more than sevenfold between 1970 and 1990 and more than 300,000 new vehicles are added to the streets of this city every year. In China, it is projected that by 2015, there will be... 

A. Impact damage, such as by cranes, road vehicles, excavators, machinery associated with the process... 

In July 1998, Toyota said it would try to have a fuel cell automobile ready by 2003, but later this target date was dropped. Toyota believed that there are major cost problems for onboard reformers and saw direct hydrogen as a big technical challenge. Still, it kept working in these areas and its FCHV (fuel cell hybrid vehicle) became the first vehicle in Japan to be certified under the Road Vehicle Act. 

PEM Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell (Polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cell) Proton- conducting polymer membrane (e.g., Nafion ) H+ (proton) 50-80 mW (Laptop) 50 kW (Ballard) modular up to 200 kW 25-=45% Immediate Road vehicles, stationary electricity generation, heat and electricity co-generation, submarines, space travel... 

AFC Alkaline fuel cell 30-50% KOH OH- (hydroxide) 60-90 7kW (Apollo) 37-s42% Immediate Space travel, road vehicles, submarines... 

PAFC Phosphoric-acid fuel cell Concentrated phosphoric acid H+ (proton) 160-220 50 kW (Fuji) to 200 kW (UTC) 37-=42% 30 minutes from hot standby Stationary electricity generation, heat and electricity co-generation, road vehicles... 

Conversion efficiencies in primary energy conversion are somewhat better in countries with high shares of hydropower (like Norway or Switzerland), but the extensive losses of thermal power plants generally determine the high energy losses in the conversion sector. The efficiency of the conversion from final to useful energy is determined, to a large extent, by the enormous conversion losses in road vehicles... 

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