Fuel quality

When ethanoi is present, the risk of separation is much less than with methanol. Nevertheless, the ethanol should be relatively anhydrous (less than 3000 ppm water) moreover, if a fuel containing ethanol comes in contact with a water layer, a migration of ethanol toward the water is observed creating a fuel quality problem manifested by lower octane number and an environmental quality problem in that the water will need to be treated. Distribution of ethanol-based fuels requires extra precaution to ensure dryness in distribution systems. 

In order to meet French manufacturers fuel quality specifications, a diesel fuel should contain a detergent additive whose effectiveness will have been demonstrated by the procedure described previously. 

Specifications and test methods for jet fuel. The specifications of jet fuels are set at the international level and are written into the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems". 

Measured in MJ/m or Btu/ft, the Wobbe Index has an advantage over the calorific value of a gas (the heating value per unit volume or weight), which varies with the density of the gas. The Wobbe Index Is commonly specified in gas contracts as a guarantee of product quality. A customer usually requires a product whose Wobbe Index lies within a narrow range, since a burner will need adjustment to a different fuel air ratio if the fuel quality varies significantly. A sudden increase in heating value of the feed can cause a flame-out. 

Effect of Washed Fuel Quality on System Cost... 

Since the reliability of gas turbines in the power industry has been lower than desired in recent years because of hot-corrosion problems, techniques have been developed to detect and control the parameters that cause these problems. By monitoring the water content and corrosive contaminant in the fuel line, any changes in fuel quality can be noted and corrective measures initiated. The concept here is that Na contaminants in the fuel are caused from external sources such as seawater thus, by monitoring water content, Na content is automatically being monitored. This on-line technique is adequate for lighter distillate fuels. For heavier fuels, a more complete analysis of the fuel should be carried out at least once a month using the batch-type system. The data should be input directly to the computer. The water and corrosion detecting systems also operate in conjunction with the batch analysis for the heavier fuels. 

A Btu meter may be used in the fuel-quality system as an aid in determining turbine system efficiency. A water capacitance probe is used for detection of water in the fuel line. A water-detecting device can be incorporated into the corrosion monitoring system. This monitoring device is based on detection of changes in the dielectric constant of unknown fluid components... 

Fuel quality will greatly affect emissions and can also have considerable effect on engine life. Manufacturers specifications will generally specify fuel quality for proper operation. 

Additives also are used to enhance jet fuel quality in a manner similar to that of gasoline, but unlike gasoline, are tightly controlled. Only additives specifically cited in a specification can be used within... 

Waite, R., ed. (199.S). Manual of Aviation Fuel Quality Control Procedures. West Conshohocken, PA ASTM. 

The life and necessary maintenance of a gas turbine are heavily dependent upon both the operating regime and the fuel quality. Continuous firing on natural gas provides the optimum availability, which will be progressively eroded if the plant is subject to frequent inter-mptions (i.e. stops and starts) from both cold and hot conditions. With a maximum interval between inspections of some 8000 hours, it may be anticipated that the combustion section will require most attention. Every 16,000 hours (or less) the turbine section will need inspection. While a major inspection of the entire unit will be necessary every 31,500 hours. Under optimal conditions, the... 

Air quality, concern about deposition of toxic chemicals, 135 Air quality in Mexico City atmospheric pollution, sources, 150r carbon monoxide standards, 156r,157/ fuel consumption in metropolitan area and Mexico, 153r,154 fuel quality, 155... 

The waste management situation in Austria is presented, and it is explained that Baufeld-Austria GmbH has developed a method and concept, with the eooperation of cement plant experts, to enable some Austrian eement factories to responsibly use plastics waste as an energy source. The conditions used for developing the model, relating to fuel quality, environmental proteetion, and public health, are explained. The Baufeld model for processing of plastics waste is then described. Details of future plans are included. 

The main drawback to all the developments described above is the lack of achieving a fuel quality as required by current specifications. Further work in this area will definitely be needed to achieve required fuel specifications. 

Material compatibility delivery Fuel quality Onboard fuel handling... 

Defining hydrogen fuel quality specifications is a high priority for the Roadmap. Such specifications must be quantified at the vehicle-station interface and must consider how the presence of small amounts of contaminants affects the performance and durability of fuel cell and balance of plant material compatibility of onboard and stationary hydrogen storage systems and the operation and maintenance of hydrogen production, purification, and delivery systems. Most importantly, fuel quality specification must consider... 

NON-RULED MARKET ECONOMY AS A SOURCE OF CHEMICAL TERRORISM. AUTOMOTIVE FUEL QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY... 

In the case of diesel fuel, an important property that defines the fuel quality is the cetane number (CN). Fuels with low-CN have poor ignition quality (i.e. knocking, noise, PM emissions) and make starting the engine difficult on cold days.6,7 It is well known that CN is lowest for PAHs and highest for w-paraffins.8,9 In normal paraffins, CN increases with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. For naphthenic compounds and iso-paraffins the CN falls between those of aromatics and w-paraffins. In iso-paraffins, the CN decreases as the degree of branching increases.10... 

The focus in this chapter is on CO2 reduction and feedstock availability, rather than on fuel quality and composition and related local emissions. 

In the course of the review of the EU Fuel Quality Directive (2003/17/EC), petrol and diesel specifications are being reviewed, to lower their environmental and health impact, as well as to take into account new EU-wide targets on biofuels and greenhouse-gas emissions reduction. 

The reduction in the lead content of gasoline and the introduction of reformulated gasoline have been very successful in reducing automobile emissions, due to changes in gasoline composition, with further improvements in fuel quality proposed for the early decades of this new millennium. These projections are accompanied by a noticeable and measurable decrease in crude oil quality, and the reformulated gasoline will help meet environmental regulations for emissions for liquid fuels but will be subject to continuous review because of the potential for environmental impact. 

Sediment usually consists of finely divided solids that may be dispersed in the oil or carried in water droplets. The solids may be drilling mud or sand or scale picked up during the transport of the oil, or may consist of chlorides derived from evaporation of brine droplets in the oil. In any event, the sediment can lead to serious plugging of the equipment, corrosion due to chloride decomposition, and a lowering of residual fuel quality. 

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