Applications electric vehicles

Applications of Ni/MH batteries include computers, camcorders, cellular phones, communication equipment, variety of cordless consumer products, high rate long cycle life applications, electric vehicles (under development), and so on. Ni/MH batteries are more environmental friendly than Ni/Cd batteries, and they are easy to dispose. Disadvantages of Ni/MH batteries include lower rate capability, poorer charge retention, and less tolerance for overcharge than Ni-Cd batteries. Like Ni/Cd batteries, Ni/MH batteries are also subject to the memory effect a description of this phenomenon can be found in Sect. 7.9.2.2. 

Electrical management, or power conditioning, of fuel cell output is often essential because the fuel cell voltage is always dc and may not be at a suitable level. For stationai y applications, an inverter is needed for conversion to ac, while in cases where dc voltage is acceptable, a dc-dc converter maybe needed to adjust to the load voltage. In electric vehicles, for example, a combination of dc-dc conversion followed by inversion may be necessary to interface the fuel cell stack to a, 100 V ac motor. 

M. Eskra, P. Eidler, R. Miles, Zinc-bromine battery development for electric vehicle applications, Proc. 24 h hit. Symp. Automotive technology and Automation, Florence, 1991. 

While the zinc/chlorine battery is preferred for utility load-leveling applications [49], the zinc/bromine system is the more promising one for electric vehicle requirements [50, 51]. 

Although electric vehicles are only a special application for traction batteries, the general interest in them may justify their own separate section. 

C. Menachem, D. Golodnitzky, E. Peled, in Batteries for Portable Applications and Electric Vehicles (Eds. C. F. Holmes, A. R. Land-grebe), The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1997, PV97-18, p. 95. 

K. Tatsumi, A. Mabuchi, N. lwashita, H. Sa-kaebe, H. Shioyama, H. Fujimoto, S. Higuchi, in Batteries and Fuel Cells for Stationary and Electric Vehicle Applications (Eds A. R. Landgrebe, Z. Takehara) Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1993, PV 93-8, p. 64. 

The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol has been widely investigated for exploitation in the so-called direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The most likely type of DMFC to be commercialized in the near future seems to be the polymer electrolyte membrane DMFC using proton exchange membrane, a special form of low-temperature fuel cell based on PEM technology. In this cell, methanol (a liquid fuel available at low cost, easily handled, stored, and transported) is dissolved in an acid electrolyte and burned directly by air to carbon dioxide. The prominence of the DMFCs with respect to safety, simple device fabrication, and low cost has rendered them promising candidates for applications ranging from portable power sources to secondary cells for prospective electric vehicles. Notwithstanding, DMFCs were... 

Our crystal-ball predictions are that DMFCs will first be commercialized as portable power sources for military and civilian applications before the year 2010 and that there will then be a quantum jump in the technology to be in a position to drive DMFC-powered electric vehicles 10 years thereafter. 

Gamburtzev S., Velev O.A., Danin R., Srinivasan S., Appleby A.J. Performance of an improved design of metal hydride/air rechargeable cell . In Batteries for portable application and electric vehicles. C.Holmes, A.Landgrebe ed. Pennington Electroch. Soc, 1997, 726-33. 

Lithium-ion (shuttle-cock, rocking-chair, swing) battery is widely considered as the most advanced power source for consumer electronics and is regarded as the most promising battery technology for a variety of other applications, such as electric vehicles, medicine and space exploration. One of the most critical factors in designing successful Li-ion cell is the choice of... 

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