Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In addition to their applications in EVs, ESs can also be used to maximize the efficiency of internal combustion engines (ICEs) in hybrid vehicles (HEVs). For example, 42 V electrical systems were proposed to meet the increased power demands of luxury vehicles, and alternatives to devices such as starter motors will become viable [23]. In a 42 V vehicle, one such an 

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Though sodium-sulfur batteries have been under development for many years, major problems still exists with material stability. It is likely that the first commercial uses of this batteiy will not be for electric vehicles. Sodium-sulfur storage batteries may be more well-suited for hybrid electric vehicles or as part of a distributed energy resources system to provide power ill remote areas or to help meet municipal peak power requirements. 

The societal advantages of the hybrid-electric vehicles will come to fruition only when a significant fraction of vehicle purchasers decide to buy one of them. This will occur if the purchase of the hybrid vehicles makes economic sense to them and the vehicle meets their needs. Otherwise vehicle buyers will... 

Burke, A. F. (1996). Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Design Options and Evaluations. Paper 920447 (Februai y ). Warrendale, PA Society of Automotive Engineers. 

Burke, A. F., and Miller, M. (1997). Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential of Ultraclean Hybrid-Electric Vehicles. Institute of Trans-porta-tion Studies. Report No. UCD-ITS-RR-97-24 (December). Davis University of California. 

Hermance, D. (1999). The Toyota Hybrid System. Pres. At SAE TOPTEC, Hybrid Electric Vehicles Here and Now (27 May). 

One promising new technology is the hybrid electric vehicle, which combines an internal-combustion... 

Natural graphite, carbons, surface modification, coating, lithium-ion cells, high power, hybrid electric vehicles (HEY). 

The power capability of the cell against DOD was plotted in Figure 6. The performance of such cells and test results thereof indicate that cells containing the surface-modified natural graphite meet and exceed the power requirements set by the FreedomCar partnership for the hybrid electric vehicle applications. 

In conclusion, the surface modified natural graphite has good performance in PC based electrolyte and also meets the power requirements for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. Surface carbon coated natural graphite SLC1015 is a very promising material in high power Li-ion batteries with lower cost, reasonable safety, and low irreversible capacity. 

Lithium-ion batteries are being seriously considered for application in all-electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV s) because of their high power and energy densities [1, 2], The U.S. Department of... 

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride batteries which are currently used for energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Currently, Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials are the most widely studied cathode materials for the high-power lithium-ion batteries [1-4]. Although Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials meet the initial power requirement for the HEY application, however, it has been reported that they... 

Besides fuel-cell (electric) vehicles (FCV), there are other vehicle concepts under development, which are also based on electric drives ranked by increasing battery involvement in the propulsion system, and thus extended battery driving range, these are hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEV) - which both incorporate an ICE - and, finally, pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV), without an ICE. While electric mobility in its broadest sense refers to all electric-drive vehicles, that is, vehicles with an electric-drive motor powered by batteries, a fuel cell, or a hybrid drive train, the focus in this chapter is on (primarily) battery-driven vehicles, i.e., BEV and PHEV, simply referred to as electric vehicles in the following. 

Axsen, J., Burke, A. and Kurani, K. (2008). Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Goals and the State of Technology Circa 2008. Report UCD-ITS-RR-08-14. Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California. 

CERA (Cambridge Energy Research Associates) (2008a). From the Pump to the Plug -What is the Potential of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Cambridge MA CERA. 

Denholm, P. and Short, W. (2006). An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Technical Report NREL/TP-620-40293, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado. 

Duvall, M. (2004). Advanced Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles A Technology and Cost-effectiveness Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, Power Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Report 1009299. Palo Alto, CA Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 

Still, the efficiency of hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles is about twice that of current internal combustion engines on the highway, and about three times as high in urban traffic (and between 1-1.5 times more than hybrid electric vehicles (IEA, 2005)). A clear advantage of fuel cells is that at part loads, fuel-cell drives have a higher... 

Figure 15.3 shows the number of hydrogen vehicle sales per year for each scenario, and compares this with the historical market penetration of gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) in the USA, with the HEV curves displaced by 12 years, to reflect hydrogen s later introduction into the market. Scenarios 1 and 2 are similar to the market introduction rate of gasoline hybrid vehicles in the United States, but... 

The calculations of the carbon emission reduction are based on the deviation from the reference-system gasoline in a combustion engine. If reference systems with higher efficiencies are applied, e.g., hybrid-electric vehicles, the total carbon emission reduction of the hydrogen path is lower. In this case, a modern CAES power plant might have benefits. 

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