Conversion ratio

The effect of en2ymes, recorded in many feed trials, includes increased final weight of the animal, better feed utili2ation, improved feed conversion ratio (ECR), more homogeneous production, reduced mortaUty, and a reduced amount of sticky droppings (in chickens) (87). 

The process is usually completed within eight days after which a yield of 210 to 250 kg m 3 of citric add may be obtained, assuming a conversion ratio of 100 g glucose to 75 g dtric add. 

Quinoxaline also underwent many other homolytic alkylations or arylations usually to give, for example, mixtures of 2-alkyl-, 6-alkyl-, and sometimes 2,3- or 2,6-dialkyl derivatives, according to the agent and conditions used. Percentage conversions, ratios of products, separability, and yields appear to... 

Each equality gives two conversion ratios. The equality between quarts and liters can be rearranged to give two... 

The correct conversion ratio leads to cancellation of unwanted units. 

Notice that we multiply the length of the rope in meters by feehmeter so that meters cancel. Multiplying the height of the cliff by the same conversion ratio would have given nonsensical units (ft) (ft/m) — ft / m. For a quick estimate, realize that there are a bit over three feet in one meter, so 65 m is a bit more than 195 ft. 

Notice that the conversion ratios are set up to cancel the unwanted units. 

The reaction product of the reserve carboxylation reaction was isolated and identified to be 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid by NMR and NMR with the authentic 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid as a reference. The carboxylation reaction of catechol to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate was affected by the concentration of KHCO3. The carboxylation activity of E. cloacae P241 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase in the presence of 0.1 M KHCO3 was only 15% of that in the presence of 3 M KHC03. In the case of C. hydroxybenzoicum 3,4-dihydroxybenzote decarboxylase, only 0.01 mM 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate was formed from 6mM catechol in the presence of 50 mM NaHC03 by 40 min incubation. The difference in molar conversion ratios might be caused by the concentration of bicarbonate added to the reaction mixture. 

When the whole-cell reaction was carried out in the presence of 0.1-3 M 1,3-dihydroxybenzene and 3M KHCO3, the molar conversion ratio of 1,3-dihydroxybenzene always reached 45-50% (Fig. 6). The high concentration of 1,3-dihydroxybenzene was not inhibitory on 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase. When 3M 1,3-dihydroxybenzene was incubated with the whole cells of Pandoraea sp. 12B-2 (43.9 mg as dry cell weight) in the presence of 3M KHCO3, 220mgmr of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate (1.42 M) accumulated after 120 h incubation, with a conversion ratio of 48%. During the carboxylation of 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, no other product except for 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate was formed. 

The efficiency of a membrane module is characterized by the recovery or conversion ratio CR = permeate flow rate/feed flow rate. Low conversion means that fluid has to be repeatedly cycled past the TFF module to generate permeate. High-efficienCT NFF has CR = 1. 

Osmotic Pinch As the feed travels along the feed channels, friction losses lower the feed pressure. Solvent flux along the feed channel dewaters the feed and increases solute concentration and osmotic pressure. For a recovery or conversion ratio CR, a module solute retention R, and an inlet solute concentration of c , the bulk concentration cj, is... 

Internal Conversion—Process in which a gamma ray knocks an electron out of the same atom from which the gamma ray was emitted. The ratio of the number of internal conversion electrons to the number of gamma quanta emitted in the de-excitation of the nucleus is called the "conversion ratio."... 

The development of an SCR system for vehicle applications requires precise calibration of the amount of urea injected as a function of the quantity of NO emitted by the engine, exhaust temperature and catalyst characteristics. Although model simulations can help in the control, it is necessary to use specific NO sensors which, however, still have problems of sensitivity and transient response. Installing a clean-up catalyst for ammonia would provide more latitude and obtain higher NO conversion ratios without re-emission of ammonia into the atmosphere. 

Assuming p is the conversion ratio equal to the ratio between the actual number of one type of functional group to its initial number... 

The effect of probiotic use in chicken production has also been studied by several groups. For example, Kralik el al. (2004) have studied the effect of adding probiotics to the drinking water of avian broilers. They reported an increase of live weights of broilers, an improvement in feed conversion ratios and lower population densities of the pathogenic bacteria E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the intestinal contents. 

In the model cell shown in Figure 4.1, steam of molar flow rate, fc and pressure, Pc, is reduced to hydrogen gas of flow rate,/D — f, and partial pressure, P0(f0 — f)/f0, in the cathode compartment (fa /)//D is a conversion ratio from steam (F420) to F42 (steam conversion ratio). The partial pressure of 02, is assumed to be unity. Using the steam conversion ratio, X = (fa f )/f0, Equation 4.4 can be written as follows ... 

The value of E - y is called the open-circuit voltage of the cell, which is related to the composition of the product. Note that the steam conversion ratio, X, depends on the open-circuit voltage, and is not affected by the pressure or flow rate of the reactant. Also, the open-circuit voltage decreases with increasing temperature because of the endothermic nature of the reaction. However, due to the temperature dependence of the logarithmic term in Equation 4.5, this effect decreases with the value of X. 

Hundreds of cycles have been studied from the viewpoint of the feasibility of component chemical reactions in terms of conversion ratio or product separation, theoretical thermal efficiency of hydrogen production, etc. [16]. Among them, those that utilize thermal decomposition of sulfuric acid, which are categorized as "sulfur cycles," have been considered one of the most promising cycles. 

There are two main issues concerning the chemistry of the reaction and the separation. One is how to separate the hydriodic acid and sulfuric acid produced by the Bunsen reaction. The other is how to carry out the hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition section, where the presence of azeotrope in the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the hydriodic acid makes the energy-efficient separation of HI from its aqueous solution difficult, and also, the unfavorable reaction equilibrium limits the attainable conversion ratio of HI to a low level, around 20%. 

Temperature of Catalyst Layer (°C) One-Pass Conversion (%) Ratio of Heat Recuperation3 (%)... 

Thompson, D.R., F.M. Stewart, and R.W. Furness. 1990. Using seabirds to monitor mercury in marine environments. The validity of conversion ratios for tissue comparisons. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 21 339-342. 

As you become more familiar with this type of question, you will be able to complete more than one step at once. Below, you can see how the conversion factors we used in each step above can be combined. Set these conversion ratios so that the units cancel out correctly. 

Hydrocarbon Catalyst size Temp. Conversion Ratio... 

FIGURE 3-27. Scatter diagram of the conversion ratio fs based on particles smaller than 0.5Mm vs. 2-h averaged ozone concentration. Data from Hidy. ... 

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