Hydrogen roadmaps

In all these roadmaps, the main application for hydrogen is seen in the transport sector. Most studies see an initial market penetration for the transport sector after 2010 and the development of a mass market after 2020. In 2050, the majority of 

Technology development with focus on cost reduction 

LHPs facilitate initial fleet of a few thousand vehicles by 2015 

Required Development of H2-specific support H2-specific support Gradual switch from Incentives provided 

Research to meet technology performance and cost targets and establish technology readiness. 

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Today s rapidly increasing activities on hydrogen focus mostly on vehicle applications and less on stationary applications. For fuel cells, stationary applications are also relevant, but natural gas will be the dominant fuel here. The dominance of the transport sector is also reflected in the hydrogen roadmaps developed, among others, in the EU, the USA, Japan, or at an international level. Whereas in the beginning, onsite or decentralised production options based on fossil fuels or electricity are seen as the major option for hydrogen production, later on central production options will dominate the market. Here, several options could play a role, from coal, with carbon capture and sequestration, through natural gas and renewables (wind, biomass) to nuclear. A C02-free or lean vision can be identified in every roadmap. The cost... 

The following section presents the major outcomes of the HyWays project, whose overarching aim was to develop a validated European hydrogen roadmap and an action plan for introducing hydrogen in transport as well as stationary applications, and to demonstrate how hydrogen can contribute to sustainability. HyWays... 

Notably, France s Petroleum Institute (IFP) and the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) will contribute to the Hyfrance project, whose main goal is to build a hydrogen roadmap for France. 

The planning foreseen is based on the European hydrogen roadmap ... 

J. Milken, DOE Hydrogen Program (2003), Hydrogen Roadmap (http //www.eren.doe. gov/hydrogen/pdfs/national h2 roadmap.pdf)... 

HyWays (2007) The European hydrogen roadmap . Project Report, available at www.hyways.de (accessed October 2008). 

Table 12.2 shows that the expected fuel efficiencies of the nearest competing technologies are not that far from the expected fuel efficiency of the ECEV. The efficiency of FCEVs is outstanding, but compared to its future competitors, one should not assume an efficiency advantage of more than 50 percent. This assumption is also used in the comprehensive study of feasible hydrogen roadmaps in Europe, the Hyways Project (2007). 

HyWays (2007) HyWays. The European Hydrogen Roadmap , FP6 Project, Commission of the European Communities. 

U.S. Department of Energy, National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, November 2002. 

Operating characteristics of various compressors. (After FreedomCar FuelPartnership. Hydrogen Delivery Technology Roadmap, Final Report, 2007.)... 

FreedomCar FuelPartnership. Hydrogen Delivery Technology Roadmap, Final Report, 2007. 

Defining hydrogen fuel quality specifications is a high priority for the Roadmap. Such specifications must be quantified at the vehicle-station interface and must consider how the presence of small amounts of contaminants affects the performance and durability of fuel cell and balance of plant material compatibility of onboard and stationary hydrogen storage systems and the operation and maintenance of hydrogen production, purification, and delivery systems. Most importantly, fuel quality specification must consider... 

See also Section 8.2 for roadmapping. For a discussion of scenarios and strategies relating to the introduction of hydrogen vehicles, see Chapter 14. 

For the first decades, all roadmaps show a focus on fossil-based hydrogen production options, mainly onsite and decentral steam methane reformers (SMR), electro-lysers and hydrogen as a by-product from the chemical industry. In some regions, hydrogen is also produced to a certain extend by nuclear, electrolysis, biomass and waste gasification. Later on, with a significant increase of hydrogen, the production... 

HyNet (2004). Towards a European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap, www.hyways.de/ hynet. 

DWV (Deutscher Wasserstoff-und Brennstoffzellen-Verband German Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association) (2005). H2-Roadmap. Berlin DWV. www.dwv-info.de. 

The MOREHyS model has been applied as a supporting tool for the hydrogen infrastructure analysis within the integrated EU project Hyways to develop the European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap (see www.hyways.de). 

McDowall, W. and Eames, M. (2006). Forecasts, scenarios, visions, backcasts and roadmaps to the hydrogen economy A review of the hydrogen futures literature. Energy Policy, 34 (11), 1236-1250. 

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