Vaccine trivalent

INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE, TRIVALENT TYPES A B (SPLIT VIRUS)... 

The clearance of theophylline (given as choline theophyllinate) was reduced by 25% one day after influenza vaccination (trivalent influenza vaccine, F/wogen, Parke Davis) in 8 healthy subjects, but this was of borderline significance. Theophylline metabolism had returned to pre-vaccination levels after 7 days."... 

The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered to all age groups and risk populations. It is recommended that the vaccine be administered yearly to children older than 6 months of age at risk for complications from influenza, such as those with asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes, and other conditions that compromise respiratory function. Healthy children 6 to 23 months of age should be vaccinated because of the increased risk for influenza-related... 

Inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine (annual) 0.5 mL intramuscularly (Bll)... 

The two vaccines currently available for prevention of influenza are the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) and the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). The specific strains included in the vaccine each year change based on antigenic drift. 

LAIV, live-attenuated influenza vaccine TIV, trivalent influenza vaccine. 

Comparison of Trivalent (TIV) and Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)... 

Influenza vaccine. (Minimum age 6 months for trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine [HVJ 5 years for live, attenuated influenza vaccine [IAIZ])... 

Inactivated vaccines are generally acceptable (e.g, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and influenza [trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine]), and live vaccines generally are avoided in persons with immune deficiencies or immune suppressive conditions. Information on specific conditions is available at vwvw.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/acip-list.htm. 

Two types of trivalent poliovirus vaccines are currently licensed for distribution in the United States an enhanced inactivated vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated, oral vaccine (OPV). IPV is the recommended vaccine for the primary series and booster dose for children in the United States, whereas OPV is recommended in areas of the world that have circulating poliovirus. 

Drugs There is an antitoxin stored at the CDC. To arrange to use this antitoxin, call your state health department (or CDC at 404-639-2206 or 404-639-3753 workdays, or call weekends or evenings at 404-639-2888). This chemotherapy (antitoxin) available from CDC is a licensed trivalent equine antitoxin for serotypes A, B, and E. There is no reversal of botulism disease with this drug, but the antitoxin does usually prevent further nerve damage. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) has a heptavalent equine despeciated antitoxin for serotypes A - G (IND). DOD also has pentavalent toxoid (vaccine) for serotypes A - E (IND). The currently recommended schedule is for use at zero, two, and twelve weeks with a one year booster. This vaccine is supposed to induce solidly protective antitoxin levels in greater that 90 percent of those vaccinated after one year. Contact USAMRIID, (U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases), Fort Detrick, Maryland. Tel. 301-619-2833. 

Trivalent and heptavalent antitoxins are available A vaccine allows development of antibodies to the most common forms of Clostridium botulinum (Types A, B, C, D, and E)... 

February (for the Northern Hemisphere winter) and September (for the Southern Hemisphere winter), the WHO provides advanced recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine to be manufactured. Similarly, the FDA CBER recommends trivalent influenza vaccine to be prepared for United States. 

For the 2007-2008 winter season, the recommended trivalent vaccine by both the WHO and the FDA is ... 

A trivalent vaccine containing the live attenuated viruses for measles, mumps and rubella was first introduced in the United States in the early 1970s by Merck and Co Inc. Since that time, other triple vaccines have been developed using various different viral strains and many coim-tiies have licensed them either as the sole vaccine... 

A virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product or analogous product, or arsphenamine or its derivatives or any other trivalent organic arsenic compound applicable to the prevention, cure or treatment of disease or conditions of human beings... 

The current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) therapy for the public is an FDA-approved, bivalent, botulinum equine antitoxin against serotypes A and B. The trivalent antitoxin against types A, B, and E is no longer available. In cases of exposure to any of the other botulinum toxin serotypes, the US Army can provide an investigational heptavalent (ABCDEFG) equine antitoxin, but the time required for typing a toxin subtype would limit its effectiveness in such cases as an outbreak. A parenteral vaccine against the toxin is currently available, but the need exists for newer nonparenteral vaccines that could be administered orally or via inhalation. 

In a randomized, double-blind study, trivalent, live, attenuated, cold-adapted intranasal influenza vaccine (FluMist) has been compared with intranasal placebo plus a trivalent injected inactivated influenza vaccine (5). The 200 patients were aged 65 years and over and had chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary conditions or diabetes mellitus. During the 7 days after immunization, sore throat was reported on at least one day by significantly more of the FluMist recipients (15 versus 2%). The increased frequency of sore throat may have been attributable to direct or indirect effects of vaccine virus replication. No other symptom was associated with FluMist. These findings were consistent with evaluations of other live, attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine formulations in older adults. However, further studies of the safety of FluMist are warranted. 

Of 109 children with asthma aged 6 months to 18 years immunized with trivalent subvirion influenza vaccine, 59 vaccinees had no asthma symptoms on the day of immunization, but 50 had an exacerbation requiring prednisone (31). Antibody responses were not different in the two... 

Jackson LA, Holmes SJ, Mendelman PM, Huggins L, Cho I, Rhorer J. Safety of a trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine, FluMist, administered in addition to parenteral trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine to seniors with chronic medical conditions. Vaccine 1999 17(15-16) 1905-9. 

Gluck R, Mischler R, Durrer P, Furer E, Lang AB, Herzog C, Cryz SJ Jr. Safety and immunogenicity of intranasally administered inactivated trivalent virosome-formulated influenza vaccine containing Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as a mucosal adjuvant J Infect Dis 2000 181(3) 1129-32. 

Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV)- TOPV (Sabin vaccine. I960) is a live attenuated whole virus vaccine (antigen type, protein) containing polio strains I. 2. and 3. The virus culture is grown on monkey kidney tissue with use of an elaborate attenuation protocol. Oral administration of the vaccine yields a local Gl infection, and the initial immune respon.se is via IgA (mucosal, local to the Gl tract). The IgA-antigen complex undergoes transcytosis across the mucosal membrane, and systemic immunity is induced as IgM and IgG form. A major caution with TOPV is that it is a live vaccine and must never be injected. Indications ore... 

Chin J, Magoffin RL, Shearer LA, Schieble JH, Lenette EH. Field evaluation of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine and a trivalent parainfluenza virus vaccine in a pediatric population. Am J Epidemiol. 1969 89 449-463. 

Influenza vaccines are available as inactivated trivalent split or subunit vaccine or as a live attenuated vaccine administered in-tranasally. Though both types of influenza vaccine probably are equally effective in protection from infection, they are indicated for distinct populations and should not be considered interchangeable. 

The inactivated influenza vaccine preparations generally contain 45 meg antigen in 15-mcg trivalent units per 0.5 mL and are administered by IM injection. Split-virus vaccine must be used for children from 6 months to 12 years of age. Children 6 to 35 months old receive 0.25 mL of split-virus vaccine. Two doses of vaccine administered at least 1 month apart are necessary for all children younger than 9 years of age who are receiving the vaccine for the first time. Split-virus vaccine is less reactogenic than whole-virus vaccine, particnlarly in children. Whole- or split-virus vaccine can be administered to individuals older than 12 years of age. However, whole-vims vaccines are not available in the United States. ... 

An inactivated trivalent vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was licensed for use in 1955. In 1987, an enhanced-potency inactivated poho vaccine (IPV) was introduced, and it has replaced the original inactivated vaccine. A live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed by Albert Sabin in 1962. OPV was the primary immunizing agent for poliovirus infection. Widespread OPV use is responsible for eradication of wild-type polio in most of the world. However, with no poliovirus circulation in the United States for years, IPV is the recommended vaccine for the primary series and booster dose for children. OPV will continue to be used in the areas of the world that have circulating pohovirus. The CEX7 maintains a stockpile of OPV to be used only in case of an outbreak. ... 

Treanor JJ, Kotloff K, Betts RF, et al. Evaluation of trivalent, hve, cold-adapted (CAIV-T) and inactivated (TIV) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza A (HlNl), A (H3N2), and B viruses. Vaccine 1999 18 899-906. 

Belshe RB, Mendelman PM, Treanor J, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med 1998 338 1405-1412. 

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