Indirect effect

Indirect toxic trauma arises from the ingestion of contaminated food as in mass food poisoning. Many bacterial toxins act through this route. In deliberate chemical agent release, there is also a risk of ingestion of an aerosolised toxin such as botulinum toxin. 

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Moreover, digitahs has indirect effects on the circulation, which in normal hearts results in a small increase in arterial pressure, peripheral resistance, and cardiac output (114). The effects of digitahs on the circulation of an individual experiencing congestive heart failure are much more dramatic, however. The increased cardiac output, for example, increases renal blood flow which can reheve in part the edema of CHF associated with salt and water retention (114). 

In normal human subjects, ANP infusion for one hour causes increased absolute and fractional sodium excretion, urine flow, GFR, and water clearance (53—55). As shown in many in vitro and in vivo animal studies, ANP achieves this by direct effect on the sodium reabsorption in the inner medullary collecting duct, ie, by reducing vasopressin-dependent free-water and sodium reabsorption leading to diuresis and by indirect effect through increased hemodynamic force upon the kidney. ANP inhibits the release of renin and aldosterone resulting in the decreased plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration (56,57). 

Thus the atmospheric component of the planet s radiation budget is strongly modulated by the indirect effects of oceanic gas and particle exchange. As will be... 

Explosion effects are commonly separated into a number of classes. The main division is between direct and indirect effects. Sometimes, direct effects ate referred to as primary effects, and indirect effects ate then subdivided into secondary and tertiary effects. 

Between the emission of greenhouse gases and change in the climate are a range of climate and biological cycles that can influence the end result. Such outcome-modifier effects are called feedbacks or indirect effects in the climate change literature. 

The benefits of cool pavements can be estimated by first finding the temperature decrease resulting from resurfacing a city with more reflective paving materials. Cool pavements provide only indirect effects through lowered ambient temperatures. Lower temperature has two effects (1) reduced... 

Among contaminants one of the most objectionable is oil, especially in systems where water is strongly heated. A relatively small amount of oil on a heating surface can produce very rapid failures. An indirect effect of oil, or other contaminants which form films on the water surface, is that the film isolates the water from air so that in polluted water anaerobic conditions may develop with the encouragement of objectionable bacterial activity. 

Natural waters may contain organic growths of various kinds, including algae and slime-forming bacteria, which may have a direct or indirect effect on corrosion. 

Another important relationship between the salts of the soil and corrosion has to do with biological activity. Since the growth of plants and microorganisms depends upon the proper inorganic mineral nutrients, the action of these forms of life varies with the mineral content of the soil. While many of the possible indirect effects, such as the role of various nitrogenous... 

Temperature Although ambient temperature would be expected to have an influence on the rate of rusting, its effect is not clearly defined despite the efforts of workers to establish a relationship . It has an effect on relative humidity and consequently an indirect effect on corrosion. However, fluctuations in temperature may be more important than average temperatures because they influence condensation and the rate of drying of moisture in contact with steel. 

In addition to the direct effect of film temperature on corrosion rate, an indirect effect has been observed in the heating of some foods and chemicals, in which insulating solid corrosion films form on different metals. By raising the metal surface temperature, these films may, when pervious, lead to further corrosion. 

Continued intracellular freezing Recrystallization Hypoosmolality Indirect effects Tissue anoxia Thrombosis Edema Inflammation... 

Cronan, C. S. (1984). Biogeochemical responses of forest canopies to acid precipitation. In "Direct and Indirect Effects of Acidic Deposition on Vegetation" (R. A. Linthurst, ed.), pp. 65-79. Butterworth, Boston, MA. 

Chronic effects on biofilms EC50 6-25 indirect effects EC50 50-2500 direct effects Changed algal species >50 Fluvial microcosms (low P) " Experimental stream ... 

Straskraba M (1999) Self-Organization, direct and indirect effects. In Tundisi JG, Straskraba M (eds) Theoretical reservoir ecology and its applications. International Institute of Ecology. Brazilian Academy of Sciences and Backhuys Publishers, Leiden... 

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