Viruses live attenuated

Inactivated rabies virus Live attenuated strains of rotavirus... 

An example of the use of an attenuated virus is the administration of the measles vaccine to an individual who has not had measles. The m easles (rubeola) vaccine contains the live, attenuated measles virus. The individual receiving the vaccine develops a mild or modified measles infection, which then produces immunity against the rubeola virus. The measles vaccine protects 95% of the recipients for several years or, for some individuals, for life. An example of a killed virus used for immunization is the cholera vaccine. This vaccine protects those who receive the vacdne for about 3 to 6 months. 

With attenuated viral vaccines the potential hazards are those associated with reversion of the virus during production to a degree of virulence capable of causing disease in vaccinees. To a large extent this possibility is controlled by very careful selection of a stable seed but, especially with live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine, it is usual to compare the neurovirulence of the vaccine with that of a vaccine known to be safe in field use. The technique involves the intraspinal inoculation of monkeys with a reference vaccine and with the test vaccine and a comparison ofthe neurological lesions and symptoms, if any, that are caused. If the vaccine causes abnormalities in excess of those caused by the reference it fails the test. 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

The varicella vaccine is made up of an attenuated Oka strain of varicella zoster virus. This is a live attenuated vaccine. Attenuation was achieved by performing serial passages through human embryonic lung cells, embryonic guinea pig cells, and human diploid cells. 

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

Live attenuated strains of measles virus Purified surface polysaccharide antigens of one or more strains of Neisseria meningitidis... 

Live attenuated strain of the mumps virus (Paramyxovirus parotitidus)... 

Formaldehyde-killed Yersinia pestis Mixture of purified surface polysaccharide antigens obtained from differing serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus... 

Varicella zoster vaccines Live attenuated strain of Herpes virus... 

LAIV is made with live, attenuated viruses and is approved for intranasal administration in healthy people between 5 and 49 years of age (Table 41-2). Advantages of LAIV include its ease of administration, intranasal rather than intramuscular administration, and the potential induction of broad mucosal and systemic immune response. 

Live-attenuated influenza A (H3N2), A (HI Nl), and B viruses Intranasal... 

There are two classical strategies for vaccination. One involves vaccination with either killed pathogenic organisms or subunits of the pathogenic organism. The other utilizes live attenuated viruses or bacteria that do not cause disease but have been derived from the pathogenic parent organism. 

Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Zostavax is a live attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine for the prevention of herpes zoster in individuals 60 years or older. It is supplied in frozen lyophilized form and reconstituted before vaccination. The vaccine boosts VZV-specific immunity and protects individuals against zosters and its complications. 

A trivalent vaccine containing the live attenuated viruses for measles, mumps and rubella was first introduced in the United States in the early 1970s by Merck and Co Inc. Since that time, other triple vaccines have been developed using various different viral strains and many coim-tiies have licensed them either as the sole vaccine... 

Varicella Virus Vaccine (Varivax) [Vaccine] Uses Prevent varicella (chickenpox) Action Active immunization live attenuated virus Dose Adults Feds. 0.5 mL SQ, rqieat 4—8 wk Caution [C, M] Contra Immunocompromised ... 

Live attenuated viruses, e.g. measles, mumps and yellow fever viral vaccines. 

Many of the more prominent vaccine preparations in current medical use consist of attenuated viral particles (Table 10.11). Mumps vaccine consists of live attenuated strains of Paramyxovirus parotitidis. In many world regions, it is used to routinely vaccinate children, often a part of a combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain of the mumps vaccine, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97%. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1, 2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

Live attenuated virus vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) have been combined into a single vaccine known as MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine is effective as the single-virus vaccine composed of the respective strains and has been shown to be highly effective. The immunity induced by MMR is long lasting and may be lifelong. 

Varicella vaccine is a lyophilized preparation of the Oka strain of live attenuated varicella virus obtained by propagation of the virus in MRC human diploid cell culture. 

It contains live attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb strain of measles virus propagated on human diploid cells. 

The most notable example of live attenuated vaccines is the smallpox vaccine, first developed by Edward Jenner, although the origin of the vaccine (vaccinia virus) remains obscure. More recent examples of live attenuated vaccines include most of the viral vaccines currently in use, such as measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) and varicella zoster (VZV) vaccines, and some... 

Varicella virus vaccine, live. Oka/ Merck strain of live, attenuated varicella virus... 

Varicella virus vaccine. Oka/ Merck strain of live, attenuated varicella virus Varivax Varicella virus vaccine [BIO] Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) VARIVAX [TR] Varicella virus vaccine live (Oka/Merck) [FDA] Chickenpox vaccine [SY] NDC 0006-4826-00 -4827-00 [NDC]... 

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