Immune suppression

Chemical-mediated immune suppression has been identified from the experimental study of several wildlife species. Harbour seals fed either chemically contaminated fish from the Wadden Sea or imcontaminated fish were found to have differing immune responses, with the exposed group showing lowered immune response to microbial infections and certain types of cancer. "" Mink fed fish taken from below a discharge point for bleached Kraft pulp mill effluent have also shown impaired immune function, " showing that the non-accnmillative chemicals in this effluent can actively disrupt endocrine associated functions. 

Amphibians. Immunosuppression has been shown to occur during metamorphosis in several amphibians, and appears to be hormonally regulated. The disappearance of 11 populations of toad from Colorado was associated with immune suppression, and frog mortalities have been associated with infection by a commonly occurring bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila the cause of the immunosuppression in these animals has not been elucidated. " ... 

Instead of activating transcription the cortisol-induced GR represses IL-6 synthesis and, even more surprisingly, repression does not involve the GRE elements, but rather the kB site (Fig. 1). It appeals that of a monomeric GR protein without itself touching the DNA interacts with the RelA component of NF-kB [3]. As a result GR blocks the action of NF-kB. The negative interference by this crosstalk is not restricted to NF-kB, it occurs also with AP-1 and CREB, and with several other transcription factors not relevant for IL-6 expression. A nuclear isoform of the LIM protein Trip6 mediates the interaction between these factors and is required for the inhibitory GR function. This interesting negative crosstalk is part of the immune-suppressive action of cortisol. 

Seinen W, Penninks AH (1979) Immune suppression as a consequence of a selective cytotoxic activity of certain organometallic compounds on thymus and thymus-dependent... 

Vos JG. 1977. Immune suppression as related to toxicology. CRC Critical Rev Toxicol 5 67-101. 

The occurrence of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis is an indicator of immune suppression, often developing in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. 

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a common fungal infection, usually associated with immune suppression. If left untreated, it will progress to more serious oral disease. Esophageal candidiasis, representing a serious progression of oropharyngeal candidiasis, is associated with increased morbidity. 

Commensal or environmental fungi that are typically harmless can become invasive mycoses when the host immune defenses are impaired. Host immune suppression and risk for opportunistic mycoses can be broadly classified into three categories (1) quantitative or qualitative deficits in neutrophil function, (2) deficits in cell-mediated immunity, and (3) disruption of mechanical/and or microbiologic barriers. 

Paraneoplastic syndromes are clinical syndromes owing to nonmetastatic systemic effects of cancer. Tumors make and secrete biologically active products that can stimulate or inhibit hormone production, autoimmunity, immune complex production, or immune suppression. Lung cancer, particularly small cell lung cancer, is associated with a high rate of paraneoplastic... 

In those with a history of VZV infection, VZV disease occurs in 30% of allogeneic HCT recipients.91 The appropriate duration of VZV prophylaxis is controversial.8 Although VZV infections are reduced by prophylactic acyclovir (800 mg twice daily), administered from 1 to 2 months until 1 year after HCT, the risk of VZV persists in those on continued immune suppression.91... 

Rat (Sprague-Dawley) Gd 1-21 105-112 d 1x/d (W) 2.24 (immune suppression decreased thymus weight in pups) Luster etal. 1978 PbAc... 

Local immune responses [51, 108], allergic immune responses [109, 110], and systemic immune suppression [82, 83] have been reported in vivo after exposure to CNTs. 

Inactivated vaccines are generally acceptable (e.g, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and influenza [trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine]), and live vaccines generally are avoided in persons with immune deficiencies or immune suppressive conditions. Information on specific conditions is available at vwvw.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/acip-list.htm. 

Lawrence, B.P. et al., Role of glutathione and reactive oxygen intermediates in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced immune suppression in C57B1/6 mice, Toxicol. Sci., 52, 50, 1999. 

Shavit, Y., Involvement of brain opiate receptors in the immune-suppressive effect of morphine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 83, 7114, 1986. 

Ullrich, S.E., Dermal application of JP-8 jet fuel induces immune suppression, Toxicol. Sci., 52, 61, 1999. 

Ramos, G., et al., Platelet activating factor receptor binding plays a critical role in jet fuel-induced immune suppression, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 195, 331, 2004. 

Kerkvliet, N. and Brauner, J., Mechanisms of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD)-induced humoral immune suppression Evidence of primary defect in T cell regulation, Tox. Appl. Pharmacol., 87, 18, 1987. 

---