Poliovirus vaccine

Rubella Vaccine, Live Mumps Vaccine, rDNA Hepatitis B Vaccine, Oral Poliovirus Vaccine, Erythropoietin, and Factor IX etcetera. 

Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious disease that is often asymptomatic however, approximately 1 in every 100 to 1000 cases will develop a rapidly progressive paralytic disease. Polio is caused by poliovirus which has three serotypes type 1 is most frequently associated with paralytic disease. Poliovirus replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal tract and is excreted in oral secretions and feces, which can infect others. As a result, more than 90% of unvaccinated individuals will become infected with poliovirus following household exposure to wild-type poliovirus. Since the introduction of the first poliovirus vaccine, there has been a significant reduction in the number of polio cases. Today, polio caused by wild-type poliovirus has been eradicated from the Western Hemisphere with the goal of eradicating it from the world.11... 

The first inactivated poliovirus vaccine was introduced in the 1950s in an injectable formulation, and replaced in the 1960s by a live oral poliovirus vaccine. The oral poliovirus vaccine not only elicits systemic immunogenicity but also a localized immune response in the intestinal tract. Unfortunately, the oral poliovirus vaccine has the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis occurring in approximately 1 case of every 2.4 million doses distributed. The risk with the first dose of oral poliovirus vaccine is 1 case in 750,000 doses.11... 

The last reported case of indigenous wild-type poliovirus in the United States was in 1979 subsequent cases were all vaccine-associated. In 1997, a transition period to the inactivated poliovirus vaccine was begun to reduce the risk of vac-cine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. By January 2000, the oral vaccine was no longer recommended for routine use. Currently, the inactivated poliovirus vaccine is recommended for routine use in the United States. The oral poliovirus vaccine is still widely used in some countries where poliovirus eradication has been more difficult. 

The enhanced potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine contains all three serotypes. After two doses, more than 90% of those vaccinated will have immunity to the three serotypes... 

Two types of trivalent poliovirus vaccines are currently licensed for distribution in the United States an enhanced inactivated vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated, oral vaccine (OPV). IPV is the recommended vaccine for the primary series and booster dose for children in the United States, whereas OPV is recommended in areas of the world that have circulating poliovirus. 

The D antigen unit is another form of strength expression of viral vaccines. The D antigen units are determined on the basis of radial immunodiffusion (e.g., poliovirus vaccine). 

If a poliovirus vaccine was prepared to contain 40-D antigen units per dose of 0.5 mL, how many antigen units would be present in a bulk vial containing 10 mL ... 

Each poliovirus vaccine dose of 0.5 mL contains 105.4 to 106.4 infective titers for Type I live attenuated poliovirus. How many infective titers are present in a 50-dose disposable pipette container ... 

Poliomyelitis (polio) IPV (Inactivated poliovirus vaccine) OPV (Oral polio vaccine) Cell based... 

Sabin, A.B., Oral poliovirus vaccine. History of its development and prospects for eradication of poliomyelitis. Jama, 1965. 194(8) 872-6. 

Use of Inactivated Polio Virus Vaccine and Live and Live Poliovirus Vaccine. Pediatrics 99 ... 

Poliovirus vaccine, inactivated (IPV) Inactivated viruses of all three serotypes Subcutaneous See Table 1-2 for childhood schedule. Adults Two doses 4 to 8 weeks apart, and a third dose 6 to 12 months after the second One-time booster dose for adults at increased risk of exposure 1. For all chi 1 dr en 2. Previo usly unvac cinate d adults at increa sed risk for occup ational or travel expos ureto poliov iruses... 

Sutter RW, Prevots DR, Cochi SL (2000) Poliovirus vaccines - progress toward global poliomyelitis eradication and changing routine immunization recommendations in the United States. Pediatr Clin North Am 47(2) 287-308 Therien HM, Lair D, Shahum E (1990) Liposomal vaccine - influence of antigen association on the kinetics of the humoral response. Vaccine 8(6) 558-562 Thones N, Muller M (2007) Oral immunization with different assembly forms of the HPV 16 major capsid protein LI induces neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Virol 369(2) 375-388... 

Zimmerman RK, Spann SJ (1999) Poliovirus vaccine options. Am Fam Phys 59(1) 113-118... 

Preparation of the killed vaccine involves the additional steps of concentrating and purifying the viruses, followed by inactivation with formaldehyde. The final vaccine is a combination of the three serotypes with a stabilizer such as human serum albumen and possibly a preservative (5). The development of bioreactor technology suitable for preparing the cell substrates for poliovirus propagation has allowed for greater ease in preparing more potent and additionally purified inactivated poliovirus vaccines (6). 

Dragunsky EM, Ivanov AP, Abe S, Potapova SG, Enterline JC, Hashizume S, Chumakov KM. Further development of a new transgenic mouse test for the evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective properties of inactivated poliovirus vaccine. / Infect Dis 2006 194 804-60. 

The registration of medicinal products is governed by relative values which cannot be clearly defined or limited, for example by ethical considerations and the endeavour to ensure the best possible quality and safety of pharmaceuticals. What is possible and achievable, may soon become a standard by which subsequent products will be measured. This leads to continuous and desirable improvements, but since there is no limit, very costly and undesirable extremes may be another consequence. According to today s standards, the most successful and beneficial pharmaceutical products, such as the vaccinia virus vaccine, live poliovirus vaccine and other live vaccines, would probably not be registrable for a wide-spread use in humans. 

Dual-chamber syringe. For delivery of two established vaccines (e.g., polyribosyl ribitol phosphate conjugated to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine) at the same time, a dual-chamber syringe delivery system can be used. The proximal chamber may contain a vaccine in the freeze-dried solid state, and the distal chamber contains a vaccine in the liquid formulation that allows reconstitution of the vaccine in the proximal chamber. The immune response by the dualchamber delivery of vaccination was equivalent to that by the separate-injection method of vaccination. The dual-chamber syringe can be used for safe and effective delivery of two different vaccines that are not yet available as a single formulation for pediatric applications. ... 

Nathanson, N. Langmuir, A.D. The cutter incident. Poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during the spring of 1955. I. Background. Am. J. Hygiene 1963, 78, 16-28. 

Wood DJ, Sutter RW, Dowdle WR. Stopping poliovirus vaccination after eradication issues and challenges. Bull World Health Organ 2000 78(3) 347-57. 

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