Parainfluenza-virus

Palese P, Schulman JL, Bodo G, Meindl P (1974a) Inhibition of influenza and parainfluenza virus replication in tissue culture by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-V-trifluoroacetylneuraminic acid (FANA), Virology 59 490 98... 

Viruses are a common cause of CAP in children (-65%) and much less common in adults ( 15%).8 Viruses often associated with pneumonia in adults include influenza A and B and adenoviruses, whereas less common causes include rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and others. In children, viral pneumonia is caused more commonly by respiratory syncyntial virus, influenza A virus, and parainfluenza virus. The viruses associated with CAP in adults are much less common causes of pneumonia in children. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Adenoviruses, arenaviruses, California encephalitis, coxsackieviruses, cytomegalovirus, dengue fever, eastern equine encephalitis, echoviruses, infectious mononucleosis, Japanese encephalitis, Lyme disease, meningitis, parainfluenza virus, rhinoviruses, bacterial sepsis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), St Louis encephalitis, upper respiratory infection, Venezuelan encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis. 

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of bronchiolitis, accounting for up to 70% of all cases. Parainfluenza viruses are the second most common cause. Bacteria serve as secondary pathogens in only a small minority of cases. 

Bose S, Basu M, Banerjee AK (2004) Role of nucleolin in human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection of human lung epithelial cells. J Virol 78 8146-8158 Bouche G, Caizergues-Ferrer M, Bugler B, Amalric F (1984) Interrelations between the maturation of a 100 kDa nucleolar protein and pre rRNA synthesis in CHO cells. Nucleic Acids Res 12 3025-3035 Bouche G, Gas N, Prats H, Baldin V, Tauber JP, Teissie J, Amalric F (1987) Basic fibroblast growth factor enters the nucleolus and stimulates the transcription of ribosomal genes in ABAE cells undergoing GO-Gl transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84(19) 6770-6774. 

Although viral sialidases seem to play a role, still poorly understood, in the mechanism of infection, and Neu2en5Ac derivatives inhibit virus replication in cell culture, no protective influence against influenza or parainfluenza virus infections in the intact host could be demonstrated by application of these inhibitors.400 This failure could be due to the rapid, urinary excretion of Neu2en5Ac observed after oral or intravenous application to rats and mice.401... 

Parainfluenza. Parainfluenza viruses (PIV) also causes viral pneumonia in infants. It is similar to RSV, therefore similar approaches are being used for developing a vaccine. A live attenuated PTV-3 vaccine has been in clinical trial. 

A natural SP OKU-40 was extracted from the marine microalga Dinoflag-ellata and was found to inhibit the replication of HIV, RSV, influenza A and B viruses, measles virus, and parainfluenza viruses type 2 (PIV-2). However, it did not inhibit the replication of mumps virus or PIV-3 [98]. The action of negatively charged polysaccharides is not merely one of nonspecific inhibition of the binding of an enveloped virus to receptors. In fact, OKU-40 did not inhibit the binding of HIV or influenza A virus to the cell membrane, but it did inhibit the fusion of the membranes of HIV-infected MOLT-4 cells to those of uninfected cells and the fusion of the influenza A virus envelope to uninfected MDCK cells [99]. 

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase has /3-propeller topology like NA from influenza A Rubulavirus Simian parainfluenza virus 5 Vertebrates... 

Hall C B 2001 Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. New England Journal of Medicine 344 1917-1928 Herwaldt B L1999 Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354 1191-1199... 

Brideau, R.J. Oien, N.L. Lehman, D.J. Homa, F.L. Wathen, M.W. Protection of cotton rats against human parainfluenza virus type 3 by vaccination with a chimeric FHN subunit glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 1993, 74, 471-477. 

Ribavirin inhibits (he replication of a very wide variety of RNA and DNA viruses, including orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, arenaviruses, bunyavirusc,s, herpesviruses, adenoviruses, poxvirus, vaccinia, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and rhinovirus. In spite of the broad spectrum of activity of ribavirin, the drug has been approved for only one therapeutic indication—(he treatment of severe lower respiratory infections caused by RSV in carefully selected hospitalized infants and young children. 

Chin J, Magoffin RL, Shearer LA, Schieble JH, Lenette EH. Field evaluation of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine and a trivalent parainfluenza virus vaccine in a pediatric population. Am J Epidemiol. 1969 89 449-463. 

Garlic has been shown in in vitro studies to have antiviral activity against several viruses including cytomegalovirus, influenza B, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, and human rhino virus type 2(40). Antiviral activity is thought to be caused more by the ajoene component than the allicin component of garlic (46). 

Viral infections are primarily responsible for exacerbations of asthma. Viral upper respiratory tract infections are a major precipitant of acute asthma in children, being involved in up to 20% to 40% of acute episodes. Infants are particularly susceptible to airways obstruction and wheezing with viral infections because of their small airways. The most common cause of exacerbations in both children and adults is the common rhinovirus." Other viruses isolated include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus, coronavirus, and influenza viruses. The inflammatory response to viral infection is thought to be associated directly with the increasing BHR. Certain viruses (RSV and parainfluenza virus) are capable of inducing spe-... 

Respiratory syncytial virus and other common respiratory pathogens (parainfluenza virus, adenovirus)... 

Donald JE, Zhang Y, Fiorin G et al (2011) Transmembrane orientation and possible role of the fusogenic peptide from parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) in promoting fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108 3958-3963... 

Hierholzer, J.C., Bingham, P.G., Coombs, R.A., Johansson, K.H., Anderson, L.J., and Halonen, P.E. (1989) Comparison of monoclonal antibody time resolved fluoroimmu noassay with monoclonal antibody capture biotinylated detector enzyme immunoassay for respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus antigen detection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 21, 1243 1249. 

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