Trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine

The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered to all age groups and risk populations. It is recommended that the vaccine be administered yearly to children older than 6 months of age at risk for complications from influenza, such as those with asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes, and other conditions that compromise respiratory function. Healthy children 6 to 23 months of age should be vaccinated because of the increased risk for influenza-related... 

Influenza vaccine. (Minimum age 6 months for trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine [HVJ 5 years for live, attenuated influenza vaccine [IAIZ])... 

Inactivated vaccines are generally acceptable (e.g, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and influenza [trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine]), and live vaccines generally are avoided in persons with immune deficiencies or immune suppressive conditions. Information on specific conditions is available at vwvw.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/acip-list.htm. 

Jackson LA, Holmes SJ, Mendelman PM, Huggins L, Cho I, Rhorer J. Safety of a trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine, FluMist, administered in addition to parenteral trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine to seniors with chronic medical conditions. Vaccine 1999 17(15-16) 1905-9. 

Observational studies In October 2003 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended influenza immunization for all children aged 6-23 months [30 ]. The safety of this recommendation has been evaluated using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to study serious adverse events reported between 1 July 2003 and 30 June 2006 in children aged 6-23 months who had been given trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. There were 104 serious adverse events at a median time after immunization of 1 day. The two most common serious adverse events were fever (52 reports) and seizures (35 reports). Causality assessment suggested that none was definitely related to influenza vaccine. No new or unexpected concerns were identified. 

Children are another at risk population and a number of studies have looked at various influenza vaccines in this age group. One of these studies - a randomised observer blind study of 2116 children in the United States - compared thimerosal-free, trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine (TIIV) against an active comparator. The study vaccine had a similar safety profile to the comparator [20 ]. 

Nordin JD, Kharbanda EO, Benitez GV, Nichol K, lipkind H, Naleway A, et al. Maternal safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2013 121(3) 519-25. http //dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182831b83. 

Hambidge SJ, Ross C, Glanz J, McClure D, Daley MF, Xu S, et al. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is not associated with sickle cell crises in children. Pediatrics 2012 129(l) e54-9. 

In a randomized, double-blind study, trivalent, live, attenuated, cold-adapted intranasal influenza vaccine (FluMist) has been compared with intranasal placebo plus a trivalent injected inactivated influenza vaccine (5). The 200 patients were aged 65 years and over and had chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary conditions or diabetes mellitus. During the 7 days after immunization, sore throat was reported on at least one day by significantly more of the FluMist recipients (15 versus 2%). The increased frequency of sore throat may have been attributable to direct or indirect effects of vaccine virus replication. No other symptom was associated with FluMist. These findings were consistent with evaluations of other live, attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine formulations in older adults. However, further studies of the safety of FluMist are warranted. 

The inactivated influenza vaccine preparations generally contain 45 meg antigen in 15-mcg trivalent units per 0.5 mL and are administered by IM injection. Split-virus vaccine must be used for children from 6 months to 12 years of age. Children 6 to 35 months old receive 0.25 mL of split-virus vaccine. Two doses of vaccine administered at least 1 month apart are necessary for all children younger than 9 years of age who are receiving the vaccine for the first time. Split-virus vaccine is less reactogenic than whole-virus vaccine, particnlarly in children. Whole- or split-virus vaccine can be administered to individuals older than 12 years of age. However, whole-vims vaccines are not available in the United States. ... 

Gluck R, Mischler R, Durrer P, Furer E, Lang AB, Herzog C, Cryz SJ Jr. Safety and immunogenicity of intranasally administered inactivated trivalent virosome-formulated influenza vaccine containing Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as a mucosal adjuvant J Infect Dis 2000 181(3) 1129-32. 

Influenza vaccines are available as inactivated trivalent split or subunit vaccine or as a live attenuated vaccine administered in-tranasally. Though both types of influenza vaccine probably are equally effective in protection from infection, they are indicated for distinct populations and should not be considered interchangeable. 

Treanor JJ, Kotloff K, Betts RF, et al. Evaluation of trivalent, hve, cold-adapted (CAIV-T) and inactivated (TIV) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza A (HlNl), A (H3N2), and B viruses. Vaccine 1999 18 899-906. 

In contrast, another study in 16 patients given 0.5 mL of an inactivated whole-virion trivalent influenza vaccine found that 7 and 14 days later their mean serum phenytoin levels were not significantly altered, although... 

Inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine Tetanus toxoid... 

Another study looked at administering the 2008/2009 trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine ID and compared it to the licenced trivalent IM vaccine Fluzone . The authors proposed that the ID route of administration is more attractive, and may therefore increase acceptance of the vaccination. Out of 4292 participants who were enrolled... 

A European open-label multicenter study of the Tdap-IPV given concomitantly or sequentially with a trivalent inactivated split influenza virus vaccine in adults over years of age, showed that both vaccines when given concomitantly were immunogenic and well tolerated with no increase in AE profile [107 ]. 

Bae EY, Choi UY, Kwon HJ, Jeong DC, Rhim JW, Ma SH, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated trivalent split influenza virus vaccine in young children with recurrent wheezing. Chn Vaccine Immunol 2013 20(6) 811-7. 

Inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine (annual) 0.5 mL intramuscularly (Bll)... 

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