Specificity strain

The above chemicals can be obtained by fermentation (qv) of other sugars. However, some compounds require sucrose as a unique feedstock. Examples are the polysaccharides dextran, alteman, andlevan, which are produced by specific strains of bacteria (48,54—56). Dextrans are used to make chromatographic separation media, and sulfated dextran derivatives are used as plasma extenders (41). Levans show promise as sweetness potentiators and, along with alteman, have potential as food thickeners and bulking agents in reduced-caloric foods (55,56) (see Carbohydrates). 

Note that values are approximated from references because specific strains are not specified. Penicillin resistant. 

Water-Soluble Exotoxins. In this area, we enter into the slightly muddy waters of the lower molecular weight compounds which elicit toxic responses in susceptible host insects. Without reference to molecular identity, it is possible to sift through the various reports on the effects of bacillus-produced soluble exotoxins and recognize three possible types of material which are produced under appropriate conditions by specific strains of bacilli ... 

These DNA markers have been successfully employed to track specific strain-associated loci in endo- and ectomycorrhizal populations from agricultural land, forest nurseries, plantations, and natural ecosystems. The simplest strategy (digesting PCR-amplified ITS with selected endonucleases) has identified their symbionts in various ecosystems (18,36-38). Species discrimination by ITS-RFLP matching can be improved by comparing data for the targeted DNA with those on sequence databases (37). 

The bacterial strains were submitted to the National Collection of Microorganism Cultures of the Pasteur Institute (CNCM) and included R. erythropolis CNCM 1-2204, -2205, -2207, and -2208, and/or R. rhodnii 1-2206. The activity of the microorganisms includes a selective attack on the carbon-sulfur bonds in the organic molecules without significant alteration of the carbon atom structure. As usual, strains were isolated and subjected to successive enrichment phases, in media containing various sources of carbon and DBT as the only sulfur source, then a purification of the enhanced culture led to the fifteen DBT specific strains. From those strains, a subset of ten strains was selected... 

The two vaccines currently available for prevention of influenza are the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) and the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). The specific strains included in the vaccine each year change based on antigenic drift. 

Ideally, the responses of interest should be rare in untreated control animals but should be reasonably readily evoked by appropriate treatments. Some species or specific strains, perhaps because of inappropriate diets (Roe, 1989), have high background tumor incidences which make increases both difficult to detect and difficult to interpret when detected. 

Biocatalytk decarboxylation is a imique reaction, in the sense that it can be considered to be a protonation reaction to a carbanion equivalent intermediate in aqueous medimn. Thus, if optically active compoimds can be prepared via this type of reaction, it would be a very characteristic biotransformation, as compared to ordinary organic reactions. An enzyme isolated from a specific strain of Alcaligenes bronchisepticus catalyzes the asymmetric decarboxylation of a-aryl-a-methyhnalonic acid to give optically active a-arylpropionic acids. The effect of additives revealed that this enzyme requires no biotin, no co-enzyme A, and no ATP, as ordinary decarboxylases and transcarboxylases do. Studies on inhibitors of this enzyme and spectroscopic analysis made it clear that the Cys residue plays an essential role in the present reaction. The imique reaction mechanism based on these results and kinetic data in its support are presented. 

Studies with male F344 rats have shown that o-dichlorobenzene was more toxic to the liver and kidneys than the meta- and para-isomers after a single administration. In addition to isomer specificity, strain-specific differential toxicity has also been demonstrated, with Sprague-Dawley rats being relatively resistant to the acute hepatic toxicity of o-dichlorobenzene. ... 

A methanotrophic biofilter is a biofilter in which methanotrophs are present. In a biofilter, a gas- or aqueous-phase contaminant stream is passed through a media on which the bacteria are growing. The media can be of several different materials, including compost, peat, soil material, or granular activated carbon. Specific strains of bacteria may be introduced into the filter and optimal conditions provided to preferentially degrade specific compounds. 

Many engineering thermoplastics such as nylon, high-impact PS, polyesters, and toughened plastics exhibit responses similar to those shown in the next two curves in Figure 3.3, designated ductile. Here the stress achieves a maximum called a yield stress at a specific strain. As strain increases beyond... 

The ISR response is triggered by infection of plant roots by specific strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and is mediated sequentially by jasmonic acid and ethylene within the plant, but does not result in the accumulation of SA or PRPs [53]. In addition, the ISR response is limited by the ability of the PGPRs to induce ISR in specific plant species and genotypes [54, 55]. Antipathogenic compounds produced by ISR have yet to be identified. The induction of SAR appears to inhibit ISR response. 

Equation 2.144 has three constants of proportionality. However, isotropy requires that two of the constants must be equal. Consider the situation represented in Fig. 2.17, where a specific strain is imposed in the Z direction. The resulting strain in the R and directions must be correlated. For example, if the flow were to distort in the direction, but not... 

Once a solution is computed for a certain flow situation, both velocity gradients can be evaluated. However, they are not necessarily simply related. A finite-gap simulation requires the following trial-and-error procedure to obtain a specific strain rate specify an inlet velocity compute the solution, evaluate the velocity gradient ahead of the flame, choose another inlet velocity, and recompute. 

A hard-to-understand aspect of the "protein-only" theory of prion diseases is the existence of various "strains" of prion proteins. These do not involve differences in amino acid sequence but differences in the conformations of the PrPSc forms and in the glycosylation patterns. dmw How can there be several different conformations of the same protein, all of which seed the conversion of normal PrP into differing insoluble forms In spite of this puzzle, support for the explanation of strain differences comes from a yeast prion system, which involves transcription termination factor eRF3.x z In this system, which involves a prion whose insoluble form can be redissolved by guanidine hydrochloride,aa differing strains have also been described.ybb cc Nevertheless, the presence of the various strains of animal prions, as well as observed vaccination of inbred mice against specific strains,dd may be more readily understood if the disease is transmitted by an unidentified virus rather than by a pure protein.1/U ee/ff In fact, the diseases have not been successfully transmitted by truly virus-free proteins synthesized from recombinant DNA.ee... 

Another group of blood tests involves bacteriological techniques. Blood and bone marrow samples are obtained under aseptic precautions and introduced into a variety of artificial culture media, with subsequent isolation and identification of the specific microorganism responsible for the illness. Relative susceptibility of the specific strain of bacteria to the available chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents may then be determined and the effectiveness of such agents in sterilizing the blood-stream can be determined by further blood cultures. 

Inoculation with specific strains of rhizobium bacteria stimulates nodulation on leguminous forbs, Commercial inoculants are available for the important legume species. Rhizobium bacteria may not survive or produce effective nodules in acidic spoils with pH below 5.0. 

Modulus. The measure of the stress of a sealant at a specific strain is referred to as the modulus of elasticity, sometimes called the secant modulus. This important sealant property describes the force exerted by a sealant as it is stressed. Because a pnmary funcuon of sealants is to adhere to the substrates it is in contact with, the forces generated by a joint opening or closing are transmitted by the sealant to the substrate-sealant bond line. For this reason, it is important to know the modulus of the sealant and also the strength of (lie substrate. 

Any strain of yeast grown as a suspension culture. You can obtain a strain of yeast from a microbiology laboratory. You can buy a specific strain from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, MD. Recommended strain is Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. 

Aiba et al. (1968) reported the results of a chemostat study on the growth of a specific strain of baker s yeast as shown in the following table. The inlet stream of the chemostat did not contain any cells or products. 

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