Tissues kidney

Several hydrophilic, anionic technetium complexes can be used to perform imaging studies of the kidneys. Tc-Mertiatide (Fig. 5a) is rapidly excreted by active tubular secretion, the rate of which is a measure of kidney function. Tc-succimer (Fig. 5b), on the other hand, accumulates in kidney tissue thus providing an image of kidney morphology. 

Solutions in contact with polyvinyl chloride can become contaminated with trace amounts of lead, titanium, tin, zinc, iron, magnesium or cadmium from additives used in the manufacture and moulding of PVC. V-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine is a contaminant of solvents and biological materials that have been in contact with black rubber or neoprene (in which it is used as an antioxidant). Although it was only an artefact of the separation procedure it has been isolated as an apparent component of vitamin K preparations, extracts of plant lipids, algae, livers, butter, eye tissue and kidney tissue [Brown Chem Br 3 524 1967]. 

FIGURE 20.2 The organic acids observed by Krebs to be oxidized in suspensions of liver and kidney tissue. These substances were the pieces in the TCA puzzle that Krebs and others eventually solved. 

Liquid chromatographic determination of chloramphenicol in kidney tissue homogenates using valve-switching techniques , 113 171 -174(1988). 

The observed BCFs for dibutyltin dichloride in round crucian carp (Carassius carassius grandoculis) muscle, vertebra, liver, and kidney tissue were 12, 46,... 

Kidney tissue, hver tissue, and fecal bacteria all convert tryptophan to tryptamine, then to indole 3-acetate. The principal normal urinary catabohtes of tryptophan are 5-hydroxyindoleacetate and indole 3-acetate. 

Binding affinity inhibition constant X (tiM) versus [ HJoxytocin in rat uterine tissue. Binding affinity inhibition constant Kj (tiM) versus [ HJarginine vasopressin in rat liver tissue. Binding affinity inhibition constant AT (tiM) versus [ H] arginine vasopressin in rat kidney tissue. 

Binding affinity IC50 (nM), concentration required for half-maximal inhibition of binding of [ H] arginine vasopressin to rat kidney tissue. 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Methods are available for measuring hydrogen sulfide in expired air (Blanchette and Cooper 1976 NIOSH 1977a) blood (Puacz et al. 1995) saliva (Solis and Volpe 1973) and brain, liver, and kidney tissue (Mitchell et al. 1993). Available methods are accurate and reliable for most media. Although available methods can detect and quantify background levels of hydrogen sulfide in the population, there is no current ability to quantitatively correlate levels in blood or other tissues with environmental exposure levels, therefore, methods are needed that can quantitatively correlate levels in blood and other tissues with environmental exposure levels. 

Lee, J., Hollyer, R., Rodelas, R., Preuss, H. G., The influence of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and creatinine on renal organic anion and cation transport in rat kidney tissue, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981, 58, 184-193. 

Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97 per cent. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1,2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

Polio virus (live, oral, i.e. Sabin, and inactivated injectable, i.e. Salk) Monkey kidney tissue culture... 

Taylor, D.L., S. Schliebe, and H. Metsker. 1989. Contaminants in blubber, bver and kidney tissues of Pacific walruses. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 20 465-468. 

No deaths. After 32 days whole fish contained 1.5 mg/kg FW vs. 1.2 at start copper concentrations were elevated in gill, gut, blood, skin, and mucus, but not in muscle, liver, or kidney. Copper concentrations in gill and kidney tissues were elevated 12 days after exposure, but other tissues were normal... 

Kendall, R.J. and P.F. Scanlon. 1981. Histology and ultrastructure of kidney tissue from ringed turtle doves that ingested lead. Jour. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 6 85-96. 

Chronic exposure of both rats and mice resulted in tubular nephropathy in both males and females. In rats, lesions were present in 45-66% of the males when they were sacrificed at 110 weeks after receiving 212 and 423 mg/kg/day hexachloroethane for 66 weeks of a 78-week exposure period (NTP 1977 Weisburger 1977). The renal lesions were characterized by hyperchromic regenerative epithelium, necrosis, interstitial nephritis, fibrosis, focal pyelonephritis, tubular ectasis, and hyaline casts. Lesions were also present in females but had a lower incidence (18% and 59%) for the two dose groups. Two-year exposures of male rats to much lower doses (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) resulted in similar effects on the kidneys (NTP 1989). Minimal to mild nephropathy was present in females for doses of 80 and 160 mg/kg/day. Over 90% of the male and female mice exposed to 590 and 1,179 mg/kg/day hexachloroethane for 78 weeks displayed tubular nephropathy when sacrificed at 90 weeks (NTP 1977 Weisburger 1977). Regenerative tubular epithelium was visible and degeneration of the tubular epithelium occurred at the junction of the cortex and the medulla. Hyaline casts were present in the tubules, and fibrosis, calcium deposition, and inflammatory cells were noted in the kidney tissues. 

In vitro studies in our laboratory involving 1-h incubations of 0.5-g liver slices of rainbow trout with 10 ml of 1-, 2.5, and 5-mg/100 ml concentrations of MS-222, resulted in 8.5, 6.9, and k.2% (respectively) of the drug being acetylated. Similar incubations of kidney tissue resulted in 0, 0, and 3.2% acetylation. These incubation studies indicate that the liver is the prime site of acetylation of MS-222, but suggest that some may occur in the kidney as well. However, in vitro evaluation of the acetylating capability of rainbow trout kidney is complicated by the diffuse structure and heavy pigmentation of the organ. 

Golub NI. 1970. [Transplacental action of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine and ortho-tolidine on organ cultures of embryonie mouse kidney tissue.] Bull Exp Biol Med 54 1280-1283. [Russian]... 

Shabad LM, Sorokina JD, Golub NI, et al. 1972. Transplacental effect of some chemical compounds on organ cultures of embryonic kidney tissues. Cancer Res 32(3) 617-627. 

Several diaryl teUurides exhibit protection against TBH-induced cell death in lung fibroblast cultures. Besides, the same compounds prevent leucocyte-mediated cell damage in Caco-2 cells and protect rat kidney tissue against oxidative damage caused by anoxia and reoxygenation. 

However, it is important to note that in these studies, only kidney tissue was tested in the rat for increased DNA replication, and in the mouse, only liver tissue was tested. Therefore, it is not clear whether increased cell replication also occurs in other tissue in each species or is limited to the tissues in which the carcinogenic effects occurred. 

The future development of aminoglycosides for use in veterinary medicine will depend on two main factors. The first is the cost of producing them as the synthetic process is expensive. The second is depdendent on discovering an aminoglycoside that does not accumulate and remain in kidney tissue for prolonged periods, resulting in a shorter withdrawal period for food producing animals (11). 

In milk, the concentration of SDM and its metabolites was a reflection of those in plasma (14 Figure 4). The disposition of SDM in plasma, edible tissues, bile and urine of calves are illustrated in Figure 5. As shown, the SDM concentration in plasma was higher than that in the edible tissues. The latter is also confirmed by the tissue to plasma concentration ratios of SDM and its metabolites which were lower than 1, except for the metabolite ratios in kidney tissue (Table II). The SCH2OH concentration in the kidney exceeded those of SDM (Figure 6). The N -SDM metabolite concentrations in muscle, kidney and liver were always below those of SDM (Table II ... 

In rats administered a single dose of C-2-hexanone at 200 mg/kg by gavage, tissue distribution was reported to be widespread with highest counts in the liver and blood. No quantitative data were given on tissue distribution (DiVincenzo et al. 1977). An analysis of subcellular distribution of the C label in liver, brain, and kidney tissue indicated highest counts were associated with the crude lipid fraction and protein, with some recovery in DNA, and little or none in RNA. 

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