Antigens HLA typing

Contamination of blood products with lymphocytes can lead to transfusion-induced reactions ranging from a mild fever to severe reactions such as alloimmunization and graft versus host disease (GvHD), in which the transfused lymphocytes (graft) survive the defensive immune reaction of the patient (host) and start a reaction which destroys the cells of the host. The patient also may develop an immune response to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type of the graft s cells and reject all platelet transfusions that do not match their own HLA system. The HLA system, found on blood platelets and lymphocytes, is more compHcated than, but similar to, the ABO blood group system of red cells. 

B. Other useful laboratory studies include CBC (repeat every 6 hours), electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine, and urinalysis. Immediately draw lymphocytes for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing in case bone marrow transplant is required later. 

Transfusion-induced autoimmune disease has been a significant complication in the treatment of patients who require multiple platelet transfusions. Platelets and lymphocytes carry their own blood group system, ie, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, and it can be difficult to find an HLA matched donor. A mismatched platelet transfusion does not induce immediate adverse reactions, but may cause the patient to become refractory to the HLA type of the transfused platelets. The next time platelets with an HLA type similar to that of the transfused platelets are transfused, they are rejected by the patient and thus have no clinical efficacy. Exposure to platelets originating from different donors is minimized by the use of apheresis platelets. One transfusable dose (unit) of apheresis platelets contains 3-5 x 10 platelets. An equal dose of platelets from whole blood donation requires platelets from six to eight units of whole blood. Furthermore, platelets can be donated every 10 days, versus 10 weeks for whole blood donations. 

The inflammatory response in UC is propagated by atypical type 2 helper T cells that produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).7 As discussed previously, a genetic predisposition to UC may partially explain the development of excessive colonic and rectal inflammation. The finding of positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) in association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 allele in a large percentage of patients with UC supports this theory.4,12... 

Prazak, J., Mericka, O., and Chytry, J. 1990. Histocompatibility locus antigens (HLA) in the epidermoid type of lung carcinoma. J. Cane. Res. Clin. Oncol. 116 525-521. 

Patients with type I diabetes may have islet cell antibodies and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). They are dependent on insulin to prevent ketosis and hence have insulinopenia. Affected individuals consist mostly of children and young adults. 

The cause of type 1 diabetes is not fuUy understood. An autoimmune attack (to the /3-cells of the pancreas) may be triggered by reaction to an infection, for example by one of the viruses of the Coxsackie virus family or German measles, although the evidence is inconclusive. Individuals may display genetic vulnerability an observed inherited tendency to develop type 1 diabetes has been traced to particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes (the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans is known as the HLA system). Environmental factors can also strongly influence expression of type 1 diabetes. 

The role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of Graves disease is well established. A considerable amount of information links the human major histocompatibility complex (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]) with Graves disease. For instance, several HLA types, such as HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3, are associated with this disorder. Graves disease in the Japanese has been found to be associated with HLA-B35, whereas in patients of Chinese... 

Wliat type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is regaixled as the liiglier risk factor associated with HAM/TSP ... 

Laboratory assessment includes indicators of general operative health (e.g., electrolytes, acid-base status, clotting profile, full blood cell count, and cross-matching). In addition, full human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tissue typing is undertaken, in addition to a full screen for infectious diseases, particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, herpes, and HIV status, as these infections can be activated by immunosuppressive therapy. 

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