Polio vaccines

Polio vaccine Pokovims Poliovirus, type 1 Polishes... 

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). An all-IPV schedule is recommended for routine childhood polio vaccination in the United States. All children should... 

Ms. Wilson has brought her 2-month-old daughter, Michelle, to the clinic for the first of the series of three DPT and oral polio vaccine (OFV) immunizations. Ms. W ilson asks you to explain how a vaccination will keep her daughter from getting sick and why die has to have three injections. Discuss hew you would address these topics with Ms. W ilson. 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

In children, primary immunization against tetanus is usually done in conjunction with diphtheria and pertussis vaccination using DTaP or a combination vaccine that includes hepatitis B and polio vaccines. A 0.5-mL dose is recommended at 2, 4, 6, and 15 to 18 months of age. 

Polio vaccine contains 27 ppm of formaldehyde. How many micrograms of formaldehyde are present in a 0.5-mL booster dose of this vaccine ... 

In the early 1960s, drug companies began to lobby for government indemnity for the vaccines they developed, tested, and produced. Because so many people are vaccinated at one time, particularly school-age children, ADRs from a vaccine can carry considerable liability. As more diseases have become vaccine-preventable, more ADRs have been reported. In 1974, impetus for indemnity increased when the courts upheld a jury verdict of 200,000 for a child who developed polio from the Sabin live-polio vaccine. ... 

In the 1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin from the University of Pittsburgh (USA) worked on polio vaccines. Salk used inactivated polio virus, whereas Sabin developed a live form of polio virus. 

In 1955,10 children died after being given improperly inactivated polio vaccine. 

Poliomyelitis (polio) IPV (Inactivated poliovirus vaccine) OPV (Oral polio vaccine) Cell based... 

The polio vaccine is administered in three doses at 1-month intervals, starting from the age of 2 months. The pertussis vaccine is given in combination v/ith the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines as a 3-in-l vaccine, the DTP vaccine. The DTP vaccine follows the schedule of the polio vaccine, so at 2 months, the DTP and the polio vaccine are given. Both are repeated at 3 months of age and at 4 months of age. In areas where the incidence of tuberculosis is not greater than 40 per 100 000, the BCG vaccine is not usually recommended for infants of 0-6 months. 

O ur own use of prisoners, the institutionalized retarded, and the mentally ill to test malaria treatments during World War II was generally hailed as positive, making the war everyone s war. Likewise, in the late 1940 s and early 1950 s, the testing of new polio vaccines on institutionalized mentally retarded children was considered appropriate. Utilitarianism was the ethic of the day. ... 

Animals are used for the manufacture of a number of biological products, e.g. polio vaccine (monkeys), snake antivenoms (horses and goats), rabies vaccine (rabbits, mice and... 

Do not receive vaccinations duringtherapy and avoid contact with anyone who has recently received an oral polio vaccine... 

One of the largest trials ever conducted took place in the US in 1954 and concerned the evaluation of the Salk Polio Vaccine. The trial has been reported extensively by Meier (1978) and is used by Pocock (1983) in his discussion of the historical development of clinical trials. 

The randomised part of the Salk Polio Vaccine trial has all the hallmarks of modern day trials randomisation, control group, blinding and it was experiences of these kinds that helped convince researchers that only under these conditions can clear, scientifically valid conclusions be drawn. 

These consist of microorganisms killed by heat or chemicals. Killed vaccines usually require a primary series of two-three doses of vaccine to produce an adequate antibody response and generally booster dose is required. The duration of immunity varies from months to years, (e.g. in case of polio vaccine) The examples are ... 

Another approach is the whole-killed or inactivated vaccine. These vaccines are derived from the pathogen itself, rather than a weakened form, as are live attenuated vaccines. Chemical (e.g., formalin, ether, and beta-propiolactone) or physical (e.g., heat, ultraviolet, and gamma irradiation) means, or combinations thereof, are used to inactivate the pathogen. Notable examples of this type of viral vaccine include the inactivated polio vaccine... 

Wyeth ( 16 billion in sales). Formerly known as American Home Products, this company headquartered in Madison, New Jersey, makes many well-known OTC drugs such as Robitussin and Advil. The company first used machines to mass-produce tablet pills in 1872 and supplied the polio vaccine for early trials in the 1950s. It produced a diet drug called fenfluramine that when combined with other drugs into a form known as fen-phen caused health problems and was withdrawn from the market. It makes Premarin and Prem-pro for estrogen replacement, Effexor for depression and anxiety disorders, Ativan for anxiety and insomnia, and Enbrel for arthritis. 

Other examples include polio, mumps, and rubella vaccines. The attenuated polio vaccine can be given orally and is known to occasionally revert to an active form which does represent a slight but measurable issue with this vaccine. 

Abbreviations. DTaP, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertusis vaccine Hep B, hepatitis B Hep A, hepatitis A IPV, inactivated polio vaccine Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type B. 

The original polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk (for whom the Salk Institute in LaJolla is named). It is a "killed" virus. However, over the years it was found that this did not always impart a complete immunity. The Sabin vaccine contains an attenuated virus. It is interesting to note that the Sabin vaccine can cause an active infection in a rare number of cases. 

The current Sabin polio vaccine will give primary immunity within 5-14 days after administration and secondary immunity within 1-3 days after a booster dose. 

---